摘要

本篇論文旨在探討石黑一雄小說《未安撫者》中的世界普同倫理。在石黑的創作中，他始終擅於透過對日常生活中瑣碎事件的描述，表達重大的議題或歷史。這本小說即藉由此一的書寫策略，將看似尋常的家庭與工作間倫理衝突，轉換成對國際參與義務的思考。本文處理的主題有二：先探討小說中所表現的倫理關係和義務；二是檢視小說裡夢境式的敘述如何影響親疏遠近的認知。進而主張我們的倫理責任不只僅限身邊、親近的人，對於於那些身處遠方的外人，他們的請求同樣重要。
第一章首先就當前《未安撫者》一書研究現況作一簡扼的回顧，指出其尚待開發詮釋的空間。接下來討論後殖民閱讀的限制及族裔標籤如何刻版化石黑一雄的作品，提出小說中普同世界倫理的重要性。
第二章有兩個重點：一是綜覽晚近世界主義論述(cosmopolitanism)的發展與轉折，在此我提出的觀點是：不論是強調道德面向或文化面向的學者，均有一共同的倫理轉向，並堅持跨越國界的多元依屬(attachments)與義務(commitments)。接下來處理小說主角萊德(Ryder)家庭與工作的衝突，藉此指出世界普同倫理是一種不斷協商的實踐，視其為永遠未完成的日常經驗。
萊德的倫理認知在作者刻意營造的超現實場景中有更複雜的發展。第三章首先針對小說裡面不合常理的時空安排做分析，進而解釋這種時間和空間的延長、壓縮，其實是歐洲內部重新整合變化的隱喻。雖然Balibar提出「變動的歐洲疆界」之概念，把跨國倫理的義務與實踐從國家中解離開來，但萊德所面對的卻是因距離感急遽的縮小膨脹，而產生倫理認知或道德接納的猶豫和混亂。
末章是全文的總結。我要強調的是從普同倫理的角度來詮釋《未安撫者》，目的在於指出石黑一雄的寫作企圖與關懷。他跳脫了族裔作家創作上常見的主題，重新思考文學和生命、文學和國家的關係。

Abstract

This thesis proposes to read The Unconsoled under the scope of cosmopolitanism. Ishiguro is skilled in transforming the major events or topics into narratives of trivial, minor, or transient episodes of daily life. In this novel, he represents the complication of international involvements or commitments through an ordinary conflict between family and work. One of my first concerns is to investigate what kind of ethical relations and obligations this novel calls for. The other is to explore how the dream-like ploys in this novel influence and confuse the ethical recognition of the distance and the proximity. I try to argue that we not only have obligations to immediate, domestic fellows, but also to foreign, distant people when the demands are concrete and the commitments are needed.
In Chapter One, I give a survey of scholarship on The Unconsoled to indicate the insufficiencies of current interpretations. And then by discussing the limitations of the postcolonial approach and the stereotype of ethnic labels, I try to emphasize that cosmopolitan reading is a way to rethink modes of belonging and practices of citizenship in Ishiguro’s works.
There are two focuses in Chapter Two. The first one is to investigate the recent developments of cosmopolitanism to see what they inherit from and how they may reverse this tradition. My point is that both normative and ethical cosmopolitan thinkers share an ethical turn and persist on multiple attachments and commitments beyond national borers. Secondly, in order to resolve the conflict between the protagonist Ryder’s domestic and professional duties, I will argue that cosmopolitan ethics is a practice of negotiation and a passion for the everyday experience of the impossible.
Ryder’s ethical implications have a more complicated development in surreal scenes set in The Unconsoled. Chapter Three indicates the illogical arrangement of time and space in this novel is the metaphor of changing time in Europe. I will argues although the “vacillation of borders”, in Balibar’s words, uncouples the ethical commitment from the idea of sovereign states, our cosmopolitan involvements are confused by the instability of sudden proximity and distance during the time of changes.
Chapter Four will conclude my thesis. To designate Ishiguro as cosmopolitan or to read his works in this way is not to claim that the nation is no longer part of our lived experiences but to imagine the world beyond national borders. Using cosmopolitan ethics as a kind of humanistic discourse, I attempt to point out that Ishiguro breaks the boundary between literature and life and broadens the way we talk about nation and literature.

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