摘要
國內現行的水體採樣標準方法，多用人為控制的主動式抓取採樣方法，對於與時俱變、或濃度變異甚鉅的汙染物，須提高採樣時間和頻率，才可能釐清汙染情形，導致工作量日增、且花費不貲；對於超微量污染物、或是生物累積性及可利用性毒物，更需加長採樣時間，以採集到儀器可以偵測到的量。被動式採樣裝置克服主動式之缺失，適合長時間連續採樣，如極性有機化合物累積採樣裝置(Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler, POCIS)適合用於水體環境中之極性有機化合物的採樣，估算污水來源社區的藥物用量，可以彌補現有之技術、資訊、和政策之不足處。
本研究針對水體中毒品 (DAs)，使用自製的POCIS進行模擬實驗，暴露於含500 ppt濃度的安非他命、甲基安非他命、亞甲雙氧甲基安非他命、K他命等14種待測物之水體中，並以推水板模擬垂直於採樣器的水流，經過1、3、5、7、9、15、18天後取出吸附劑，使用固相萃取法搭配液相層析串聯式質譜儀進行分析。模擬結果顯示POCIS能有效富集待測物，截存量與時俱增，繪製出模擬曲線用來推算水體濃度。實際應用於新竹區水體採樣與分析，推算水中真實濃度，與標準方法比較，濃度變化趨勢一致，符合預期。觀察兩方法的結果差異，發現可能因真實採樣環境不同於模擬環境造成濃度推算的誤差又以水流所造成的影響最為嚴重。POCIS採樣不需電力和大量人力，前處理過程省去傳統固相萃取法的長時間，由POCIS取出吸附劑淨化後即可萃取出待測物，達到節省人力、資源及花費，符合綠色分析化學友善環境的宗旨。

Abstract
Active grab sampling is the most conventional method for monitoring pollutants in the aquatic environment. However, for those contaminants whose concentrations vary tremendously over time such as ultra-trace and bio-accumulated substances, it is inevitable to increase the frequency and time of sampling to reach the detectable concentration for further online instrumental detection. The use of passive samplers compensates those problems, which is suitable for consecutively sampling for a long lasting period. Polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) employed in the sampling, and followed by the evaluation of the medicine dosage from the community waste water can improve the insufficiency of recent technologies and information in nowadays.
This research focuses on the dosage of drugs in aqueous environment. The POCIS manufactured by ourselves was employed in simulative experiments as well as in the field sampling. POCIS was exposed for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 15, 18 days in 14 different analytes at a concentration of 500 ppt, followed by the solid-phaseextraction from the adsorbent for pretreatment and HPLC-MS/MS for detection.
The results of this simulation experiments have shown that POCIS could collect the analytes efficiently. The sampling concentration increased with sampling periods which could be used for establishing simulation curves and further estimating the concentration of water source. The results from active grab sampling and POCIS are highly correlated as expected. The difference between two methods could arise from the different sampling environments, and the most serious one is the effect on the rate of water flow. POCIS does not require electricity and intensive labor cost as well as the pretreatment method which is consistent with the environment-friendly purpose of green chemistry.

參考資料
1. 98年反毒報告書. 教育部 法務部 外交部 行政院衛生署.
2. 藥物濫用案件劑檢驗統計資料 行政院衛生署 2010 12月. .
3. 內政部營建署下水道建設計畫資訊整合應用網http://sewergis.cpami.gov.tw/.
4. Zabiegala, B.; Kot-Wasik, A.; Urbanowicz, M.; Namiesnik, J., Passive sampling as a tool for obtaining reliable analytical information in environmental quality monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 396 (1), 273-296.
5. 李以彬, 翁. 王. 郭. 葉. 潘. 彭. 鍾. 郭. 陳. 楊., 被動式採樣之環境監測應用 行政院環保署環境檢驗所 2010.
6. Zhou, J. L.; Zhang, Z. L.; Hibberd, A., Analysis of emerging contaminants in sewage effluent and river water: Comparison between spot and passive sampling. Anal Chim Acta 2008, 607 (1), 37-44.
7. 雷逸智, 質譜法直接分析及辨識材料吸附安非他命之研究.
8. (a) 行政院反毒資源線上博物館http://www.antidrug.nat.gov.tw/; (b) http://www.chemspider.com/.
9. 蔡沛宜, 同位素比質譜術於蜂蜜摻假之判定及甲基安非他命來源追蹤之研究.
10. API 4000™ LC/MS/MS System Hardware Manual.
11. Karolak, S.; Nefau, T.; Bailly, E.; Solgadi, A.; Levi, Y., Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by wastewater analysis in Paris area (France). Forensic Science International 2010, 200 (1-3), 153-160.
12. Postigo, C.; de Alda, M. L.; Barcelo, D., Evaluation of drugs of abuse use and trends in a prison through wastewater analysis. Environ Int 2011, 37 (1), 49-55.
13. Terzic, S.; Senta, I.; Ahel, M., Illicit drugs in wastewater of the city of Zagreb (Croatia) - Estimation of drug abuse in a transition country. Environ Pollut 2010, 158 (8), 2686-2693.
14. Lin, A. Y. C.; Wang, X. H.; Lin, C. F., Impact of wastewaters and hospital effluents on the occurrence of controlled substances in surface waters. Chemosphere 2010, 81 (5), 562-570.
15. Pastor, A.; Esteve-Turrillas, F. A.; Yusa, V.; de la Guardia, M., New perspectives in the use of semipermeable membrane devices as passive samplers. Talanta 2008, 74 (4), 443-457.
16. http:/www.est-lab.com.
17. Gorecki, T.; Seethapathy, S.; Li, X. J., Passive sampling in environmental analysis. Journal of Chromatography A 2008, 1184 (1-2), 234-253.
18. 被動式半透膜應用於環境採樣檢測之研究 行政院環境保護署環境檢驗所 2009 EPA-98-E3S4-02-01.
19. Twiss, M. R.; Moffett, J. W., Comparison of copper speciation in coastal marine waters measured using analytical voltammetry and diffusion gradient in thin-film techniques. Environ Sci Technol 2002, 36 (5), 1061-1068.
20. Mazzella, N.; Lissalde, S.; Moreira, S.; Delmas, F.; Mazellier, P.; Huckins, J. N., Evaluation of the Use of Performance Reference Compounds in an Oasis-HLB Adsorbent Based Passive Sampler for Improving Water Concentration Estimates of Polar Herbicides in Freshwater. Environ Sci Technol 2010, 44 (5), 1713-1719.
21. 環境樣品採集及保存作業指引 行政院環境保護署 NIEA-PA102.
22. Ventura, F.; Huerta-Fontela, M.; Galceran, M. T., Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of stimulatory drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface waters. Anal Chem 2007, 79 (10), 3821-3829.
23. OASISTM HLB Sample Extraction Products (c)1998 Waters Corporation, 5/98, WB025-US.
24. Ventura, F.; Boleda, M. R.; Galceran, M. T., Trace determination of cannabinoids and opiates in wastewater and surface waters by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007, 1175 (1), 38-48.
25. Schroder, H. F.; Gebhardt, W.; Thevis, M., Anabolic, doping, and lifestyle drugs, and selected metabolites in wastewater-detection, quantification, and behaviour monitored by high-resolution MS and MS (n) before and after sewage treatment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 398 (3), 1207-1229.
26. Lin, A. Y. C.; Yu, T. H.; Lin, C. F., Pharmaceutical contamination in residential, industrial, and agricultural waste streams: Risk to aqueous environments in Taiwan. Chemosphere 2008, 74 (1), 131-141.
27. Alvarez, D. A.; Petty, J. D.; Huckins, J. N.; Jones-Lepp, T. L.; Getting, D. T.; Goddard, J. P.; Manahan, S. E., Development of a passive, in situ, integrative sampler for hydrophilic organic contaminants in aquatic environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 2004, 23 (7), 1640-1648.
28. Togola, A.; Budzinski, H., Development of polar organic integrative samplers for analysis of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems. Anal Chem 2007, 79 (17), 6734-6741.
29. Macleod, S. L.; Mcclure, E. L.; Wong, C. S., Laboratory calibration and field deployment of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler for pharmaceuticals and personal care products in wastewater and surface water. Environ Toxicol Chem 2007, 26 (12), 2517-2529.
30. Alvarez, D. A.; Huckins, J. N.; Petty, J. D.; Jones-Lepp, T.; Stuer-Lauridsen, F.; Getting, D. T.; Goddard, J. P.; Gravell, A.; Passive Sampling Techniques in Environmental, M., Chapter 8 Tool for monitoring hydrophilic contaminants in water: polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS). Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry 2007, 48, 171-197.
31. (a) Bartelt-Hunt, S. L.; Snow, D. D.; Damon, T.; Shockley, J.; Hoagland, K., The occurrence of illicit and therapeutic pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent and surface waters in Nebraska (vol 157, pg 786, 2009). Environ Pollut 2010, 158 (8), 2790-2791; (b) Alexander L.N. van Nuijs a, S. C. b., Isabela Tarcomnicu a, Cristina Postigo c, Miren Lopez de Alda c,; Hugo Neels a, E. Z. b., Damia Barcelo c,d, Adrian Covaci a,e,⁎, Illicit drug consumption estimations derived from wastewater analysis: A critical review. The Science of the total environment. 2010.
32. 兩岸清華合作研究計畫 : 環境中新興污染物的變遷及處理研究(I) 2010.
33. Fanelli, R.; Zuccato, E.; Chiabrando, C.; Castiglioni, S.; Bagnati, R., Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives 2008, 116 (8), 1027-1032.
34. 水資源的再生 新竹市客雅水資源回收中心 導覽手冊 99.12. 5, 000.
35. 內政統計地理資訊應用系統 http://moistgis.moi.gov.tw/MOI_ORA/begin.cfm?nowsys=moiscu&login=guest&password=guest&CFID=202316&CFTOKEN=40322678.
36. Postigo, C.; de Alda, M. J. L.; Barcelo, D., Drugs of abuse and their metabolites in the Ebro River basin: Occurrence in sewage and surface water, sewage treatment plants removal efficiency, and collective drug usage estimation. Environ Int 2010, 36 (1), 75-84.
37. http://campusmap.nthu.edu.tw/nthumap/map.html.