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This research examines why Indonesia and Vietnam, despite having fundamentally different political systems and governance models, have produced arguably similar policy outcomes in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). It explores whether this convergence is temporary and identifies the internal and external factors driving it. The study applies the state role in AI governance framework to analyze each country's governance approach, and policy convergence theory to examine the influence of external drivers such as global norms and transnational elite networks.
Indonesia employs a participatory, multi-stakeholder governance model, while Vietnam adopts a centralized, state-led approach. However, both states exhibit characteristics of a hybrid regulatory–entrepreneurial role in AI governance. This similarity has led to a short-term policy convergence, with both countries prioritizing AI strategies that balance "development" and "control", focusing simultaneously on fostering innovation and ensuring regulatory oversight.
This momentary convergence, however, may shift toward different trends in the future, such as divergence or a fluctuating pattern, depending on how domestic political structures, institutional capacities, and strategic priorities evolve. Understanding these dynamics provides valuable insight into how Global South states navigate AI governance amid global power shifts and technological competition.