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研究生：	林萱
論文名稱：	排灣語的中間語態 The middle voice in Paiwan
指導教授：	廖秀娟
口試委員:	吳靜蘭謝富惠
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 台灣研究教師在職進修碩士學位班 Graduated Program of Taiwan Studies for in-service Teachers
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	112
中文關鍵詞：	中間語態、排灣語
外文關鍵詞：	middle voice, Paiwan
相關次數：	點閱：58 下載：0
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Chinese Abstract
摘要
在本論文中,筆者主要著重在探討排灣語中是否存在著中間語態(middle voice)。雖然在文獻中已經有許多學者探討過排灣語的動詞句結構，然而其中間語態卻極少被提到。
筆者在本論文中旨在探討以下幾點：(1) 排灣語是否存在著中間語態； (2) 如果有的話，構成排灣語中間語態的中間語態標記為何；(3) 探討排灣語的中間語態的語意與句法特色；(4) 探討排灣語中間語態(標記)的歷史發展歷程。
筆者以Kemmer (1993)的中間語態描述為依據，發現排灣語中確實存在著中間語態。且筆者根據Kemmer (1993)對中間語態的語意分類，將排灣語的中間語態使用情形加以分類而歸納出排灣語共有十二種符合Kemmer (1993)所提的中間語態的分類情形 (自然反身動作、間接中間語態動作、身體打理動作、身體動作、非移動式動作、姿勢改變動作、自然相互事件、移動式動作、言談行為、知覺中間語態、情緒中間語態、自發性事件)。筆者發現排灣語中間語態標記為ki-。
在將排灣語中間語態的使用情形分類後，筆者也根據Kemmer (1993)所提及的中間語態的相關語意特點歸納出排灣語的中間語態特點。第一，動作引發者和動作終點者在排灣語中間語態為同一對象。第二，排灣語中間語態在「句中參與者分別性」量尺中的分別性程度為較低。第三，排灣語中間語態主詞一定為被影響者。第四，排灣語中間語態在「事件描寫程度」量尺中描寫程度為較低。
此外，筆者發現排灣語的中間語態呈現出五種句法特點。第一，中間語態標記音節數量多寡和「事件描寫程度」量尺成正比關係。排灣語中間語態標記ki-組成音節數量最少，所以在「事件描寫程度」量尺的程度也最低。第二，有些相似的動詞種類中，有的可以加上ki-成為中間語態，但有些卻不行。第三，有些動詞在排灣語中已經變成一定要加上ki-才可以使用。第四，「去及物性」也發生於排灣語中間語態。第五，排灣語中間語態的「受事者」和非中間語態結構的「受事者」所在的位置一樣；中間語態的「主事者/受事者」為同一個且以主詞的語法關係來呈現；排灣語中間語態呈現長時間廣泛性的描寫而非短時間動作性描寫。
最後，筆者在探討排灣語中間語態（標記）的歷史發展歷程中，發現排灣語中間語態（標記）可能源自於˹第三人稱」kisurimadju這個字，接下來發展至「反身代名詞」，最後才來到中間語態的用法。在這樣的發展歷程中，有幾個重要機制參與其中,如弱化、去語意化、語意擴展、去詞性化等。

English Abstract
I aim to determine whether the middle voice exists in Paiwan in this thesis. Although a number of studies have dealt with verbal constructions in Paiwan, really few studies have touched upon the middle voice in Paiwan.
This study aims to discuss the following issues: (i) to determine whether the middle voice exists in Paiwan; (ii) to find out the middle marker (MM) in Paiwan; (iii) to discuss the properties of the Paiwan middle voice; (iv) to discuss the historical development of the Paiwan MM.
Some observations are made in this study. First, there exists the middle voice in Paiwan. Second, the MM in Paiwan is ki-. Third, based on Kemmer’s (1993) classification of middle situation types, there are twelve middle situation types that can be found in Paiwan, including indirect middle, grooming (body care), nontranslational motion, changing in body posture, naturally reciprocal events, naturally reflexive, emotion middle, spontaneous events, translational motion, body action, speech action, and perception middle.
After classifying Paiwan middle situation types, I synthesize semantic properties of Paiwan middle according to Kemmer (1993). First, the initiator and the endpoint must be the same participant in the Paiwan middle voice. Second, the Paiwan middle voice is in a relatively lower degree of distinguishability of participants. Third, the subject must be the affected one in the Paiwan middle voice. Fourth, the Paiwan middle voice is in a relatively lower degree of elaboration of events.
Moreover, morphosyntactic properties of the Paiwan middle voice are also discussed. The Paiwan middle voice has the following morphosyntactic properties. First, based on the principle that the more syllables, the higher degree of elaboration of events, one can assume that the Paiwan middle voice is in a relatively lower degree of elaboration of events because ki- in Paiwan has fewer syllables than other markers. Second, some verbs in similar verb class can be in the middle voice but others cannot. Third, some verbs are obligatorily in the middle voice, such as ki-qedi ‘be jealous’. Fourth, detransitivization also happens in the Paiwan middle voice. Fifth, there are some features on the roles of the agent and the patient, on the specification of event type, and on the case marking of the agent and the patient in the Paiwan middle voice.
As for the historical development of Paiwan MM, the source of the Paiwan middle marker ki- could be kisurimadju ‘3SG’, which then developed to ‘reflexive’, and finally, to the middle voice marker at the end of the process. Some mechanisms are involved in the process, such as ‘erosion’, ‘desemantics’, ‘extension’, and ‘decategorialization’.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract    i
English Abstract    iii
Acknowledgments    v
List of Tables    xii
List of Figures    xiv
List of Maps    xv
List of abbreviations    xvi
Chapter 1:    Introduction    1
1.    Objectives of this research    1
2.    About the people and the language    1
2.1.    Geographic setting, population, and customs    1
2.2.    Dialects of Paiwan    3
3.    The linguistic position of Paiwan within the Austronesian language family    4
4.    Sources of the data    6
5.    A sketch of Paiwan verbal constructions    8
6.    Organization of the thesis    10
Chapter 2:    Literature Review    11
1.    Introduction    11
2.    Semantic definitions of middle voice    11
3.    Syntactic definitions of middle voice    20
4.    Instantiation relations: Reflexive, middle, and passive    24
4.1.    Interim summary of active, reflexive, middle, and passive    31
5.    Diachronic change of MM    32
5.1.    Grammaticalization theory    32
5.2.    Unidirectionality in diachronic change from reflexive to middle    34
5.3.    Grammaticalization of middle    35
6.    Previous studies on the reflexive marker ki- and the reciprocal markers maCa- and mar(e)- in Paiwan    37
6.1.    Candidates of MMs in Paiwan    37
6.2.    Multifunctional marker ki-    38
6.2.1.    ki- for conveying ‘obtain / get s.t.’    38
6.2.2.    ki- for conveying ‘passive’    38
6.2.3.    ki- for three other functions    38
6.3.    mar(e)- and maCa- for conveying ‘reciprocal’    39
6.4.    The reciprocal-reflexive polysemy    40
Chapter 3:    Theoretical Framework    42
1.    Introduction    42
2.    Kemmer (1993)    42
2.1.    Middle situation types    42
2.1.1.    Group 1: Semantically reflexive middle    43
2.1.1.1.    Grooming (body care)    43
2.1.1.2.    Nontranslational motion    43
2.1.1.3.    Change in body posture    43
2.1.1.4.    Indirect middle    44
2.1.1.5.    Naturally reciprocal events    44
2.1.2.    Group 2: Semantically distinct from reflexives    45
2.1.2.1.    Translational motion    45
2.1.2.2.    Emotion middle    45
2.1.2.3.    Cognition middle    45
2.1.2.4.    Spontaneous events    45
2.1.3.    Other use of middle    46
2.2.    The relative distinguishability of participants    47
2.3.    Morphosyntax: Features of MMs    48
2.4.    The relation between a RM (HFM) and an MM (LFM)    49
2.4.1.    Basic types of reflexive marker and middle marker    49
2.4.2.    Semantic differences between HFM and LFM    50
2.4.3.    Morphosyntactic differences between HFM and LFM    51
2.5.    The relationship between morphology and semantics in MM and other markers    54
Chapter 4:    Semantic Properties of the Paiwan Middle Voice    56
1.    Introduction    56
2.    Decide what the Paiwan middle marker is    56
2.1.    Possible candidates of MM in Paiwan    56
2.2.    Paiwan middle voice system: One-form system or two-form system?    61
2.3.    Differences between kisurimadju and ki-    61
3.    Semantics of the Paiwan middle voice    63
3.1.    Classification of situation types associated with the Paiwan middle voice marker ki-    63
3.2.    Examples of the use of the Paiwan middle marker ki-    65
3.2.1.    Group 1    65
3.2.1.1.    Indirect middle    65
3.2.1.2.    Grooming    66
3.2.1.3.    Nontranslational motion    67
3.2.1.4.    Change in body posture    67
3.2.1.5.    Naturally reciprocal events    68
3.2.1.6.    Naturally reflexive    68
3.2.2.    Group 2    69
3.2.2.1.    Emotion middle    69
3.2.2.2.    Spontaneous events    69
3.2.2.3.    Translational motion    70
3.2.3.    Other subtypes    70
3.2.3.1.    Body action    70
3.2.3.2.    Speech action    71
3.2.3.3.    Perception middle    71
3.2.3.4.    Interim summary    72
3.3.    Other meaning of the Paiwan MM ki-    72
4.    Semantic properties of the Paiwan middle voice    75
4.1.    The relationship between Initiator and Endpoint in Paiwan ki- verbs    75
4.2.    The degree of distinguishability of participants in the Paiwan middle voice    77
4.3.    Subject-affectedness in the middle voice of Paiwan    79
4.4.    A lower degree of elaboration of events    80
5.    Developmental path from reflexive to middle    81
5.1.    The grammaticalization of the MM ki-    81
5.2.    Properties of grammaticalization of the Paiwan middle    84
5.3.    Change in motivation type in the grammaticalization process of the reflexive marker and the middle marker    85
6.    The relationship between ki-V ‘passive’ and ki-V ‘middle’    87
7.    The instantiation relations: Reflexive, middle, and passive in Paiwan    88
Chapter 5:    Morphosyntactic Properties of the Paiwan Middle Voice    90
1.    The morphological relation between Paiwan MM and markers for prototypically reflexive, naturally reciprocal, and prototypically reciprocal    90
2.    Idiosyncratic features of Paiwan MM ki-    91
2.1.    Idiosyncratic feature I    91
2.2.    Idiosyncratic feature II    92
2.3.    Idiosyncratic feature III    93
2.4.    Idiosyncratic feature IV    93
3.    Syntactic properties of the Paiwan middle voice    94
3.1.    Detransitivization    94
3.2.    Features of the Paiwan middle voice    96
3.2.1.    Feature I of middle constructions    96
3.2.2.    Feature II of middle constructions    96
3.2.3.    Feature III of middle constructions    97
3.2.4.    Feature IV of middle constructions    98
4.    Differences between middle voice, active voice, and passive voice    99
4.1.    Differences between the middle voice and the active voice    99
Chapter 6:    Conclusion    103
1.    Summary    103
2.    Directions for future research    105
References    107


                                

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