本論文旨在探討客語疑問代詞「麼个」與句末助詞「喏」的非典型用法。這些語項原本與疑問語意相關，但在語法化過程中產生語用轉化，轉而用來表達說話者的負面態度，特別是所謂的「抱怨念力」（whining force）。關於問物疑問詞在動詞後所展現的非典用法，過往已有不少研究討論，其分析方式各有差異。然而，與句末助詞的搭配與互動，特別是在語用層面的連動關係，則較少被深入探討。
本研究聚焦於「麼个」的語意與句法位置如何受到其非典用法影響，並進一步探討句末助詞「喏」如何參與其中。本文採用製圖理論（Cartographic Approach）作為分析框架，主張「麼个」根據論元性質可由不同句法層級引介，其詮釋則來自左緣結構中的運符（operator）透過無擇約束（unselective binding）所賦予。在句末助詞方面，本文認為「喏」具有多種語用功能，其中之一即為標示抱怨語氣。參考楊洋＆蔡維天（2019）提出的語調素（intoneme）概念，本文進一步主張「喏」可視為表抱怨念力的運算符 W-Op，顯性地存在於句法結構中；也可作為語調素，隱性地在句法結構中定奪句子的語用念力，影響語句的語用詮釋與語氣表達。

This study investigates the non-canonical uses of the Hakka interrogative pronoun mage ‘what’ and the sentence-final particle no. Originally associated with interrogative meaning, these elements undergo pragmatic reanalysis through grammaticalization and come to express speaker-oriented negative attitudes, particularly what is referred to as a “whining illocutionary force.” While previous research has explored the non-canonical interpretations of postverbal what-questions in various ways, comparatively little attention has been paid to how such constructions interact with sentence-final particles, especially in terms of pragmatic interpretation.
Focusing on the semantic and syntactic behavior of mage ‘what’ in its non-canonical use, this thesis further examines the role of the sentence-final particle no in shaping speaker attitude. Adopting the cartographic approach, I argue that mage ‘what’ may be introduced at different syntactic layers depending on its argument type, and its interpretation arises via unselective binding by an operator hosted in ForceP in the left periphery. Regarding no, I propose that it fulfills multiple discourse functions, one of which is to mark a whining attitude. Drawing on Yang & Tsai’s (2019) notion of “intoneme,” this study further suggests that no can be overtly realized as a whining operator (W-Op) in the syntactic structure, or covertly act as an intoneme that determines the utterance’s illocutionary force. Both possibilities play a crucial role in deriving the speaker’s affective stance and pragmatic interpretation.