在石化能源危機及環保意識逐漸高漲之因素下，世界各國無不努力尋找替代能源。以石油而言，可採用年數僅剩40多年左右，即使是埋藏量較多之煤炭也不過剩下230多年左右之量可供採用，這是很迫切的全球危機。再生能源的研究漸受到世界各國的重視與發展。其中尤以太陽光發電系統中輸入部份之太陽光，在能源的供應上取之不盡、用之不竭，又無環保等問題，因此可說是再生能源中最具有發展潛力之一種能源。台灣位居亞熱帶並鄰近赤道，日照量充足，太陽能發展條件遠比日本與美國大部份地區為佳，可以說是相當具有發展潛力的國家之一。另一方面台灣之經濟背景方面，生活富裕、電力普及，半導體與電子產業發展健全，太陽光發電所需的太陽電池以及週邊設備，技術層次都在自己可掌握的範圍內，在面臨能源大都需要仰賴進口及人民反核與重視環保情況下，台灣無疑是發展太陽光發電系統之一理想處所。而本論文所研究的內容即為有關併聯至電力系統之太陽光發電系統。
本論文有鑑於目前文獻上已有很多有關柔性切換的技術發表，遂將其篩選後應用至太陽光發電系統各個轉換器上，其中包括太陽電池最大功率點追蹤器及反流器，以降低電磁雜訊干擾、減少耗損及元件耐壓耐流應力，提昇太陽光發電系統之可靠度，當日照充足時將可透過介面架構將太陽電池輸出功率供給負載及電力系統；當日照量較不足時，負載則可藉由電力系統供電。

除此之外更進一步加以改進本實驗室所發展出來之瞬時最大功率追蹤器，使其不受溫度變化之影響。最後實際完成一硬體雛型並經由實驗結果驗證前述之功能確實可達成。

The major purpose of this thesis is to develop a prototype photovoltaic system interconnected with the power grid. The major contributions are three folds.
First, a new implementation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) controller is proposed. The method not only can achieve instantaneous response instead of using the traditional perturbation and observation method with slow response but also can be operated without the temperature effect. Second, rather ideal soft- switching circuits are adopted in the converter and the inverter of the proposed system respectively to reduce the switching loss, electric stress and EMI. Finally, a prototype with a bi-directional power flow inverter is implemented and tested. Some experimental results are presented in the thesis.

[1] M. P. Choi, A. Tan, "Photovoltaics Demonstration Projects", Proceedings of EMPD '98, Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 637 -643.
[2] 黃秉鈞，"我國太陽能發展的現況與展望"，光訊，第六十八期，1997年十月.
[3] 工業技術研究院工業材料研究所，"太陽光電示範推廣計畫"，八十七年九月.
[4] W. Swiegers, J.H.R. Enslin, "High Efficiency Solar Cell Arrays System Trade-Offs", Industrial Electronics Proceedings, ISIE '98, IEEE International Symposium, Vol.1, 1998 , pp. 40-44
[5] A. Mehmet, A. Mohammed, A. Alattawi, "A New Model For I-V Characteristic of Solar Cell Generators and Its Applications", Solar Energy Materials and Solar, 1995, pp. 123-132.
[6] P. R. Mishra, A. K. Pandey, J. C. Joshi, "Theoretical Analysis of Integrated Photovoltaic System and Design of An Optimised Battery Voltage Regulation", Solar Energy Materials and Solar, 1995, pp. 159-174.
[7] Z. M. Salameh, B. S. Borowy, A. R. A. Amin, "Photovoltaic Module-Site Matching Based on The Capacity Factors", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 1995, pp. 326-331.
[8] 莊嘉琛，"太陽能工程－太陽電池篇"，全華科技圖書股份有限公司，1997.
[9] 蔡中，"太陽電池技術現況與展望"，經濟部能源委員會，1987.
[10] C. Y. Won, D. H. Kim, W. S. Kim, H. S. Kim, "A New Maximum Power Point Tracker Photovoltaic Arrays Using Fuzzy Controller", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9, No. 2, June 1994, pp. 396-403.
[11] W. J. A. Teulings, J. C. Marpinard, "A New Maximum Power Point Tracking System", IEEE PESC'93 Record, 1993, pp. 833 -838.
[12] I. H. Altas, A. M. Sharaf, "A Novel On-Line MPP Search Algorithm for PV Arrays", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 11, No. 4, June 1996, pp. 748-754.
[13] O. Wasynczuk, "Dynamic Behavior of A Class of Photovoltaic Power System", IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. 10, Pas-102, No. 2, June 1983, pp. 3031-3037.
[14] O. Ojo, "Analysis of Current Source Induction Motor Drive Fed from Photovoltaic Energy Source", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 6, No. 1 1985, pp. 99-106.
[15] F. Umeda, M. H. Ohsato, G. Kimura, "New Control Method of Resonant DC-DC Converter in Small Scaled Photovoltaic System", IEEE PESC'92 Record, 1992, pp. 714 -718.
[16] C. R. Sullivan, M. J. Powers, "A High Efficiency Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Arrays in A Solar-Powered Pace Vehicle", IEEE PESC'93 Record, 1993, pp. 574-580.
[17] K. H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino, M. Osakada, "Maximum Photovoltaic Power Tracking: An Algorithm for Rapidly Changing Atmospheric Conditions", Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IEE Proceedings-, Vol. 142, No. 1, January 1990, pp. 59-64.
[18] Z. M. Salameh, C. Liang, "Optimum Switching Points for Array Reconfiguration Controller", Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Vol. 2, 1990, pp. 971-976.
[19] M. Nagao, H. H. Orikawa, "Photovoltaic System Using Buck-Boost PWM Power Inverter", Electrical Engineering in Japan, Vol. 115, No. 5, 1995, pp. 128-139.
[20] S. H. Alghuwainem, "Matching of A DC Motor to A Photovoltaic Generator Using A Step-Up Converter with A Current-Locked Loop", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9, No. 1 March 1994, pp. 192-198.
[21] H. J. Beukes, J.H.R. Enslin, "Analysis of A New Compound Converter as MPPT, Battery Regulator and Bus Regulator for Satellite Power Systems", IEEE PESC'93 Record, 1993,pp. 846 -852.
[22] Z. M. Salameh, W. A. Lynch, "Multi-Stage Dual Priority Regulator for Photovoltaic Systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 4, No. 1, March 1989, pp. 308-313.
[23] 李勝泰，"太陽光發電系統之最大輸出功率控制"，清華大學碩士論文，八十六年六月.
[24] 蔡欽雄，"新型光伏系統之研發"，清華大學碩士論文，八十七年六月.
[25] G. Hua, C. S. Leu, Y. Jiang, F. C. Lee, "Novel Zero-Voltage-Transition PWM Converters", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 9, No. 2, May 1996, pp. 213-219.
[26] G. Hua, E. X. Yang, Y. Jiang, F. C. Lee, "Novel Zero-Current-Transition PWM Converters", IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference Record, 1993, pp. 538-544.
[27] P. P. Mok, R. Spee, H. J. Beukes, J.H.R. Enslin, "Control Complexities Related to High Power Resonant Inverters", IEEE PESC '96 Record, 1996, pp. 1040 -1046.
[28] T. S. Wu, M. D. Bellar, A. Tchamdjou, J. Mahdavi, M. Ehsani, "A Review of Soft-Switched DC-AC Converters", IEEE Industry Applications Conference, Vol. 2, 1996, pp. 1133 -1144.
[29] L. G. Gallegos, P. C. Kjaer, T. J. E. Miller, G. W. White, "Simulation Study of Resonant DC Link Inverter for Current-Controlled Switched Reluctance Motors", Power Electronics and Drive Systems, Vol. 2,1997, pp. 757 - 761.
[30] D. M. Divan, G. Venkataramanan, R. Dedoncker, "Design Methodologies for Soft Switched Inverters", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1996, pp. 126 - 135.
[31] D. M. Divan, G. Skibinski, "Zero-Switching-Loss Inverters for High-Power Applications", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1989, pp. 634 - 643.
[32] J. He, N. Mohan, "Parallel Resonant DC Link Circuit A Novel Zero Switching Loss Topology with Minimum Voltage Stresses", IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1991, pp. 687-694.
[33] J. He, N. Mohan, B. Wold, "Zero-Voltage-Switching PWM Inverter for High-Frequency DC-AC Power Conversion", IEEE Transaction on Industrial Applications, Vol. 29, No. 5, 1993, pp. 959-968.
[34] G. Venkataramanan, D. M. Divan, "Pulse Width Modulation With Resonant DC Link Converters", IEEE Transaction on Industrial Application, Vol. 29, No.1, 1993, pp. 113-120.
[35] Y. C. Jung, H. L. Liu, G. C. Cho, G. H. Cho, "Soft Switching Space Vector PWM Inverter Using A New Quasi-Parallel Resonant DC Link", IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. Vol. 11, No. 3, May 1996, pp.503-511.
[36] J. S. Lai, "Resonant Snubber Based Soft-Switching Inverters for Electric Propulsion Drives", IEEE IECON'96, Vol.1, 1996, pp.47 -52.
[37] C. C. Chan, K. T. Chau, J. Yao, "Soft-Switching Vector Control for Resonant Snubber Based Inverters", IECON'97, Vol. 2, 1997, pp.453-458.
[38] B. J. C. Filho, S. Bernet, T. A. Lipo," A New Control Strategy for The PWM Current Stiff Rectifier/Inverter with Resonant Snubbers", PESC '97, Vol.1, 1997, pp.573 -579.
[39] P. K. Hinga, T. Ohnishi, T. Suzuki, "A New PWM Inverter for Photovoltaic Power Generation System", IEEE PESC'94 Record, 1994, pp. 391 -395.
[40] L. Solero, F. Caricchi, F. Crescimbini, F. Mezzetti, "Performance of A 10kw Power Electronic Interface for Combined Wind/PV Isolated Generating Systems", IEEE PESC'96 Record, 1996, pp. 1027-1032.
[41] S. Nonaka, "A Utility-Connected Residential PV System Adapted A Novel Single-Phase Composite PWM Voltage Source Inverter", IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 1994, pp.1064-1068.
[42] H. G. Langer, H. V. Broeck, "Low Cost DC to AC Converter for Photovoltaic Power Conversion in Residential application", IEEE PESC'93 Record, 1993, pp. 588 -594.
[43] M. Sc. Michael, T. B. Alvsten," Low Cost Module Integrated Utility Interface for Modular Photovoltaic Energy Systems", IEEE PESC'96 Record, 1995, pp. 572-577.
[44] K. Hirachi, T. Mii, T. Nakashiba, "Utility-Interactive Multi-Functional Bi-directional Converter for Solar Photovoltaic Power Conditioner with Energy Storage Batteries", IEEE IECON'96 Record, 1996,pp. 1693 - 1698.
[45] J. J. Bzura, "The New England Electric Photovoltaic Systems Research and Demonstration Project", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 5, No. 2, March 1990, pp. 284-289.
[46] I. Abouzahr, R. Ramakumar, "An Approach to Assess The Performance of Utility-Interactive Photovoltaic Systems", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 8, No. 2, March 1993, pp. 144 -149.
[47] S. J. Chiang, K. T. Chang, C. Y. Yen, "Residential Photovoltaic Energy Storage System", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 3, June 1998, pp. 385 -394.
[48] H. Watanabe, T. Shimizu, G. Kimura,"A Novel Utility Interactive Photovoltaic Inverter with Generation Control Circuit", IECON '98, Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 721-725.
[49] 華志強，沈志明，林朝昌，張政雄，"太陽能儲能系統最大功率追蹤技術之比較"，中華民國第十八屆電力工程研討會.
[50] J. H. R. Enslin, M. S. Wolf, D. B. Snyman, W. Swiegers, "Integrated Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Converter", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 44, No. 6, December 1997,pp. 769 -773.
[51] P. T. Krein, R. J. Turnbull, R. Reppa, Jonathan Kimball, "Dynamic Maximum Power Point Tracker for Photovoltaic Applications", IEEE PESC '96 Record, 1996, pp. 1710 -1716.
[52] C. C. Hua, J. R. Lin, C. M. Shen, "Implementation of A DSP-Controlled Photovoltaic System with Peak Power Tracking", IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 45, No. 1, February 1998, pp. 99 -107.
[53] M. M. Saied, M. G. Jaborl, "Optimal Solar Array Configuration and DC Motor Field Parameters for Maximum Annual Output Mechanical Energy", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 4, No. 3, March, pp. 459-465, 1989.
[54] T. F. Wu, C. H. Chang, Z. R. Liu, T. H. Yu," Single-Stage Converters for Photovoltaic Powered Lighting Systems with MPPT and Charging Features", APEC '98, Vol. 2, 1998, pp.1149 -1155.
[55] Y. Yao, P. Bustamante, R. S. Ramshaw, "Improvement of Induction Motor Drive Systems Supplied by Photovoltaic Arrays with Frequency Control", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 9, June 1994, pp. 256 -262
[56] T. Tawara, T. Aoki, Y. Kawagoe," An Efficient Interactive Inverter for A Photovoltaic System", APEC '99, Vol. 2, 1999, pp. 1052 - 1056.
[57] C. E. Lin, Y. S. Shiao, C. L. Huang, P. S. Sung, "A Real and Reactive Power Control Approach for Battery Energy Storage System", IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1992, pp. 1132 - 1140.
[58] T. Tadokoro, K. Taira, M. Asaoka,"A Photovoltaic-Diesel Hybrid Generation System for Small Islands", IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, Vol. 1,1994, pp. 708 -715.
[59] B. K. Bose, P. M. Szczesny, R. L. Steigerwald, "Microcomputer Control of A Residential Photovoltaic Power Conditioning System", IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 1A-21, No. 5, 1985, pp. 1182-1191.
[60] N. Mohan, T. Undeland, W. P. Robbins, "Power Electronics Converters Application and Design", John Wiley Sons Inc., 1989.
[61] W. K. Tam, K. W. Siu, Y. S. Lee,"A Computer-Aided Design Environment for Switch-Mode Power Supplies", Power Conversion Conference, 1993, pp. 496 -501.
[62] 王銘義，"新型三相功因控制策略及其應用"，清華大學碩士論文，八十六年六月.