有機發光二極體 (OLED) 在智能手機、智能手錶、平板電腦、電視等領域的表現優於其他傳統的顯示技術，同時逐漸蓬勃發展，覆蓋了固態照明行業的相當大一部分；他的固有特性，如可撓性、透明、完全的明暗可調、人體友善、寬視角、極致高對比、應答快、節能等，促使科學家和工程師付出巨大努力，進一步提高效率和穩定性，儘管已有商業化產品問世。

藍色發光是實現高質量紅、綠、藍、黃 (RGBY) 和 RGB 白色顯示技術和固態照明光源的關鍵。在已報導的幾種藍色發光體中，咔唑基發光體由於其能隙大、π-供體較弱、穩定性高、電洞遷移率好、結構可調性好、合成步驟簡便等優點而廣為人知。此外，在發光體中摻入咔唑是實現更深藍色發光的最佳方式。

此外，OLED 可以通過濕式或乾式製程技術製造。其中，濕式製程技術由於其易於成層、可卷對卷製造、材料消耗少等優點，實現了OLED低成本量產的目標。

本論文的首要目標是開發可濕式製作的高效率藍色發光體，用於製造具有簡單元件結構的高效率OLED，用於顯示和照明應用。目標有：(i) 咔唑-二苯甲酮基扭曲 D-A 衍生物作為 OLED 的藍色發光體，(ii) 咔唑-二苯甲酮基扭曲 D-A-D 衍生物作為 OLED 的藍色發光體，(iii) 咔唑-砜基扭曲 D-A 和 D-A-D 衍生物作為 OLED 的藍色發光體，以及 (iv) 萘和芳基改性鋅絡合物作為高性能 OLED 的藍色發光體。

為了實現第一個目標，咔唑供體與供體-受體 (D-A) 型分子中的二苯甲酮受體單元組成。設計了一系列具有寬能隙和高玻璃轉化溫度（Tg≥95℃）的烷基改性材料。基於烷基側鏈改性的咔唑和二苯甲酮衍生物的元件，表現出了更好的性能，CEmax 為 5.7 cd/A，EQEmax 為 2.7%，CIEy 為 0.24，發出綠藍色光。

繼續先前的觀察，對於第二個目標，兩個咔唑供體部分連接在供體-受體-供體 (D-A-D) 型分子中二苯甲酮受體部分的兩端。使用烷基鏈修飾設計了多種 D-A-D 型分子。 所得烷基側鏈改性咔唑和二苯甲酮基於 D-A-D 的元件顯示出比基於 D-A 更好的性能，在 CIEy 為 0.22 時顯示出 2.6 cd/A 的 CEmax 和 5.3% 的 EQEmax 為綠藍色發射。

在進一步的研究中，二苯甲酮部分被更強的受體砜部分取代，因此開發了烷基鏈改性的 D-A 和 D-A-D 型材料。結果與之前的觀察結果相似，其中，烷基長鏈改性咔唑和砜 D-A-D 有最佳的元件表現，CEmax 為 2.5 cd/A，EQEmax 為 4.0%，在 CIEy 為 0.09，遵循國家電視系統委員會 (NTSC) 色彩標準。有趣的是，砜部分顯示出比二苯甲酮部分低的藍移。

在研究的最後，鋅基分子是使用萘基和芳基改性開發的。由於萘體積大，所以更穩定，與對應的芳基苯環相比，往往會減慢分子旋轉。因此，萘改性的鋅基元件有更好的表現，在 NTSC 色彩標準的 CIEy 0.09 下，深藍光元件的CEmax 為 0.9 cd/A，EQEmax 為 3.2%。

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have outperformed other conventional display technologies in smartphones, smartwatches, tablets, televisions, etc., while gradually thriving to cover a sizable fraction of the solid-state lighting industry. Its intrinsic features like flexible, transparent, fully dimmable, human-friendly, wide viewing angle, ultimate high-contrast, fast response time, energy-saving, and many more, have impelled scientists and engineers to dedicate tremendous efforts to further enhancing efficiency and stability despite several commercialized products.
Blue emission is a crucial chromatic component for realizing the high-quality red, green, blue, and yellow (RGBY) and RGB white display technologies and solid-state lighting sources. Among several reported blue emitters, carbazole-based emitters are well known due to their large bandgap, weaker 𝜋-donating ability, high stability, good hole mobility, easy structural tunability, and facile synthesis route. Moreover, incorporating carbazole in an emitter is the best way to achieve a deeper-blue emission.
Furthermore, OLEDs can be fabricated via wet or dry-processed fabrication techniques. Amongst, the wet-processed technique is comparatively better owing to its easy layer deposition, roll-to-roll fabrication, and less material consumption, accomplishing the objective of low-cost mass-production of OLEDs.
The foremost objective of this thesis was to develop wet-process feasible efficient blue emitters for fabricating high-efficiency OLEDs with a simple device structure for display and lighting applications. The objectives are: (i) carbazole-benzophenone-based twisted D-A derivatives as blue emitters for OLEDs, (ii) carbazole-benzophenone based twisted D-A-D derivatives as blue emitters for OLEDs, (iii) carbazole-sulfone based twisted D-A and D-A-D derivatives as a blue emitter for OLEDs, and (iv) naphthalene and aryl modified zinc complex as blue emitters for high-performance OLEDs.
To accomplish the first objective, a carbazole donor was grouped with benzophenone acceptor units in donor-acceptor (D-A) type molecules. A series of alkyl-modified materials with a wide bandgap and a high glass transition temperature (Tg ≥ 95℃) were designed. The alkyl sidechain modified carbazole and benzophenone derivative-based device displayed a better performance with a CEmax of 5.7 cd/A, EQEmax of 2.7% for a greenish-blue emission at a CIEy of 0.24.
In continuation with the prior observation, for the second objective, two carbazole donor moieties were attached at both the ends of benzophenone acceptor moieties in a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) type molecule. A variety of D-A-D type molecules were designed using alkyl chain modification. The resultant alkyl sidechain modified carbazole and benzophenone D-A-D based device displayed a better performance than D-A based, showing a CEmax of 2.6 cd/A, EQEmax of 5.3% for a greenish-blue emission at a CIEy of 0.22.
In further studies, the benzophenone moieties were replaced by stronger acceptor sulphone moieties, and therefore, alkyl chain modified D-A and D-A-D type materials were developed. The results were similar to the prior observation, wherein, the alkyl long-chain modified carbazole and sulfone D-A-D based device displayed the best performance with a CEmax of 2.5 cd/A, EQEmax of 4.0% for a deep-blue emission at a CIEy of 0.09 following the National Television System Committee (NTSC) color standard. Interestingly, the sulfone moieties show a hypsochromic shift than the benzophenone moieties.
In the final studies, the zinc-based molecules were developed using naphthalene- and aryl-based modifications. Naphthalene being bulky and hence more stable tends to slow the molecule rotation than the counterpart aryl phenyl ring. Therefore, naphthalene modified zinc-based device displayed a better performance with a CEmax of 0.9 cd/A, EQEmax of 3.2% for a deep-blue emission at a CIEy of 0.09 following the NTSC color standard.

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