充電器影響著蓄電池之性能及電動車之續航能力甚鉅。電動車之蓄電池一般係由車上慢充充電器或車外快充充電器，引用交流電源進行充電，傳統由矽控整流器組裝之充電器，由交流電源引入高度失真之低功因電流。本論文之主要目的在於研製一升壓式軟性切換式整流器，具有良好之用電品質，可用以供給調節性優良之固定直流電壓輸出，或可調電壓供做蓄電池充電電源。同時亦從事多模組之並聯操作及組裝成三相整流器等之有關研究。
首先探究既有電動汽車充電設備之規格與蓄電池之充、放電特性，並研擬合適之充電命令及充電狀態判別法則。根據電池及交流輸入電壓，從事一升壓型零電壓轉移軟性切換式整流器(Zero-Voltage Transition Soft-Switching Switching-Mode Rectifier，ZVT SSMR )之研製。此SSMR僅在傳統SMR外加一輔助共振支路，並施以適當延遲之PWM切換控制信號，即可達到主開關之零電壓切換。在仔細推導分析此SSMR於各個操作模式下之動作原理、等效電路及主導方程式之後，即研擬電路組成元件之量化設計步驟。在控制器之設計方面，首先從事此SSMR之動態模式推導，並據以設計電流控制器。而電壓控制器之設計，係依在正規工作條件下估測所得之動態模式，從事量化之設計，由給定之控制規格，系統化地求出控制器之參數。由模擬及實測結果均顯示所研製SSMR之軟性切換操作行為與預期者相符，輸入電流也能被調控成近乎弦波幾乎與輸入電壓同相，具有良好之功因及電流諧波特性。本論文也以所研製之SSMR從事串接蓄電池組之充電控制及狀態判定策略研擬。

最後，本論文將以所研製之單相SSMR為主，從事多模組之有關操作研究：(i) 多模組並聯之單相SSMR系統，藉由妥善之控制，可使在具有電壓調控下，達到良好之分流控制特性；(ii) 以三或二個單相軟性SSMR模組配接成各式三相SSMR系統，以適用為外加快充充電器，論文中將仔細介紹不同連接方式三相整流器之輸出及輸入性能。

The performance of battery and the steering capability of electric vehicle is significantly influenced by the battery charger. The battery in the electric vehicle can be charged by the on-board slow charger or the off-board fast charger. Conventionally, the chargers are constructed using SCR controlled rectifiers, which draw highly- distorted current with low power factor. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to develop a boost-type soft-switching mode rectifier (SSMR) having high power quality. The developed SSMR can be employed as a DC power supply providing well-regulated DC source, or as an adjustable-voltage source to charge the battery. In the meantime, the researches are also made on multi-module parallel operation and the construction of three-phase SSMRs using the developed single-phase SSMR.
First, the specifications and the battery charging/discharging characteristics of some existing electric vehicles are investigated. According to the typical input and output voltages of charger, a single-phase boost-type SSMR is designed and implemented. The proposed SSMR is formed from the conventional SMR by simply adding an auxiliary resonant branch, and the zero voltage transition soft-switching is achieved by applying PWM switching signals with suitable time delay for the main and auxiliary switches. After the detailed derivation and analysis of the operating principle, equivalent circuit and governing equation for each mode, the quantitative design procedure of the proposed SSMR circuit components are presented. As to the design of controllers, the SSMR dynamic model is derived first and hence the current controller is designed accordingly. On the other hand, the parameters of the voltage controller are systematically and quantitatively obtained according to the dynamic model estimated at a nominal case and the given control specifications. The simulated and measured results show that the operating performances of the proposed SSMR are very close to the expected ones. The input current is regulated to be sinusoidal and kept almost in phase with the input voltage. In addition, the charging control of the series-connected batteries using the developed SSMR and the strategy for deciding the charging status are also studied.

Finally, based on the proposed single-phase SSMR, the following studies about multi-module operations are performed: (i) Parallel operation control of multi-module single-phase SSMRs, good current sharing control under output voltage regulation can be obtained; and (ii) Single-phase SSMRs are connected to form three-phase SSMRs, which can be used as off-board fast battery chargers.

1. Electric vehicles:
[1] C. C. Chan, "An overview of electric vehicle technology," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 81, no. 9, pp. 1202-1213, 1993.
[2] C. C. Chan and K. T. Chau, "An overview of electric vehicles-challenges and opportunities," IEEE Proceeding of International Conference on Industrial Electronic, Control, and Instrumentation, pp.1-6, 1996.
[3] K. W. Klontz, A. Esser, P. J. Wolfs and D. M. Divan, "Converter selection for electric vehicle charger systems with a high-frequency high-power link," PESC Conference Records, pp. 855-861, 1993.
[4] A.M. Shara and L.A. Snider, "An intelligent low distortion battery charger controller for fast controlled charging of electric vehicle," IEE International Conference on Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, Hong Kong, pp. 209-214, 1993.
[5] C.B. Toeper, "Charge! EVS power up for long haul," IEEE Spectrum, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 41-48, 1998.
[6] H. Oman, "On-board energy and power management on electric vehicles: effect of battery type," Proceeding of Digital Avionics Systems Conference, pp. I43/1- I43/6, 1998.
[7] D. Patterson and X. Yan, "Improvement of drive range, acceleration and deceleration performance in an electric vehicle propulsion system," IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 2, pp. 638-643, 1999.
[8] M. Ehsani, K.M. Rahman, M.D. Bellar and A. Severinsky, "Evaluation of soft switching for EV and HEV motor drives," IECON International Conference, pp. 651-657, 1997.
[9] M. Marchesoni, L. Puglisi and A. Rebora, "Analysis and modeling of the auxiliary quasi-resonant DC link inverter applied to AC electric vehicle drives," Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium, pp. 558-563, 1995.
[10] A. F. Burke, "Electric vehicle propulsion and battery technology 1975-1995," Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, pp. 119-135, 1990.
[11] S. Gair, "Motor drives and propulsion system for EVS," IEE Colloquium on Electric Vehicles - A Technology Roadmap for the Future, pp. 3/1-3/6, 1998.
[12] C. M. Jefferson, "Power management in electric vehicles," IEE Colloquium on Systems for Electric Racing Vehicles, pp. 5/1-5/5, 1993.
[13] "Power electronics in transportation," Proceeding of the Industry Applications Conference, 1996.
2. Batteries and chargers:
[14] C. A. Vincent, F. Bonino, M. Lazzari and B. Scrosati, "Modern Batteries," Edward Arnold, 1984.
[15] H. S. Lim and D. F. Pickett, "Advanced Nickel-Metal hydride cell development at hughes: a joint work with US government," Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 65-70, 1995.
[16] C. N. England, "The national collection and recycling program for nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries," Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 77-82, 1995.
[17] P. R. Roberge and J. P. Salvador, "Testing and evaluation of tubular positive lead-acid batteries," Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 147-151, 1995.
[18] H. Nasser, "Basics and advances in battery systems," IEEE Trans. On Industry Applications, vol. 31, no. 2, pp. 419-428, 1995.
[19] E. M. Valeriote, T. G. Chang, and D. M. Jochim, "Fast charging of lead-acid batteries," Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 33-38, 1994.
[20] H. Hashimoto, T. Yamamoto and O. Wada, "Monitoring of remaining discharge time of batteries," INTELEC, pp. 205-211, 1992.
[21] "Improved charging methods For lead-acid batteries using the UC3906," Unitrode Application Note, pp. 9-87~9-97, 1988.
[22] K. D. Floyd, Z. Noworolski and J. M. Noworolski, "Assessment of lead-acid battery state of charge by monitoring float charging current," INTELEC, pp. 602-608, 1994.
[23] J. Dahlman, D. Beede and T. Curatolo, "A microprocessor based intelligent battery charger," Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 185-190, 1994.
[24] L. Bowen, R. Zarr and S. Denton, "A microcontrolled battery fuel gauge and charger," Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 179-184, 1994.
[25] M. A. Casacca and Z. M. Salameh, "Determination of lead-acid battery capacity via mathematical modeling techniques," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 442-446, 1992.
[26] Z. M. Salameh, M. A. Casacca and W. A. Lynch, "A mathematical model for lead-acid batteries," IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 93-97, 1992.
[27] 吳偉臣, "軟式切換蓄電池充電器之研製," 國立清華大學電機工程研究所碩士論文, 民國八十五年六月.
[28] 林維亮,"升降壓軟式切換充電器之研製," 國立清華大學電機工程研究所碩士論文, 民國八十六年六月.
[29] M. Bojrup, P. Karlsson, M. Alakula and B. Simonsson, "A dual purpose battery charger for electric vehicles," IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 1, pp. 565-570, 1998.
[30] J. K. Nor and J. L. Vogt, "Fast battery charging enhances electric transit vehicle operation," Battery Conference on Applications and Advances, pp. 191-197, 1998.
[31] N. H. Kutkut ,D. M. Divan, D. W. Novotny and R. Marion, "Design considerations and topoiogy selection for a 120kW IGBT converter for EV fast charging," IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Conference ,vol. 1, pp. 238-244, 1995.
[32] D. Lemon, P. Griffith, Z. Coffman and G. Gleason, "Electric-bus fast charging at the Santa Barbara MTD," Battery Conference on Application and Advances, pp. 197-198, 1999.
[33] K. W. Klontz, D. M. Divan and D. W. Novotny, "An actively cooled 120kW coaxial winding transformer for fast charging electric vehicles," IEEE Conference Records, Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, pp. 1049-1054, 1994.
3. Contactless charging:
[34] N. H. Kutkut, D. M. Divan and D. W. Novotny, "Charge equalization for series connected battery strings," IEEE IAS, pp. 1008-1015, 1994.
[35] M. Eghtesadi, "Inductive power transfer to an electric vehicles," IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 100-104, 1990.
[36] J. A. G. Elliott, J. T. Boys and A. W. Green, "Magnetically coupled systems for power transfer to electric vehicles," International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, pp. 797-801, 1995.
[37] J. Ch. Bendien, G. Fregien and J. D. van Wyk, "High-efficiency on-board battery charger with transformer isolation, sinusoidal input current and maximum power factor, "IEE Proc. pt. B, vol. 133, no. 4 , pp. 197-204, 1986.
[38] Albert Esser, "Contactless charging and communication for electric vehicles," IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, pp. 4-11, 1995.
[39] Rudy Severns, Eddie Yeow, George Woody, John Hall and John Hayes, "An ultra-compact transformer for a 100 W to 120 kW inductive coupler for electric vehicle battery charging," IEEE-APEC Conference Records, pp. 32-38, 1996.
4. Hard switching-mode rectifiers:
[40] S. Manias, "Novel full bridge semicontrolled switch mode rectifier," IEE Proc. pt. B, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 252-256, 1991.
[41] A. Chibani and M. Nakaoka, "Novel PWM-based control strategy of HF link SMR with sinusoidal line current," IEE Proc. pt. B, vol. 138, no. 5, pp. 219-226, 1991.
[42] P. N. Enjeti and R. Martinez, "A high performance single phase AC to DC rectifier with input power factor correction," IEEE-APEC Conference Records, pp. 190-195,1993.
[43] A. Kandianis and S. N. Manias, "A comparative evaluation of single-phase SMR converters with active power factor correction," IEEE-IECON Conference Records, pp. 244-249, 1994.
[44] M. C. Ghanem, K. Al-Haddad and G. Roy, "A new control strategy to achieve sinusoidal line current in a cascade buck-boost converter," IEEE Trans. Industry Electronics, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 441-449, 1996.
[45] L. Dixon, "High power factor switching pre-regulator design optimization," Unitrode Power Supply Design Seminar SEM-700, pp. 7/1-7/2, 1990.
[46] J. Sebastian, M. Jaureguizar and M. Uceda, "Overview of power factor correction in single-phase off-line power supply systems," in Proc. IECON, pp.1688-1693, 1994.
[47] S. Manias and P. D. Ziogas, "An SMR topology with suppressed DC link components and predictive line current wave-shaping," IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol.23 , no.4, pp. 644-653, 1987.
[48] A. R. Prasad, P. D. Ziogas and S. Manias, "A comparative evaluation of SMR converters with and without active input current wave-shaping," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol.35, no.3, pp. 461-468, 1988.
5. Active power filters:
[49] L. Moran, P. Werlinger, J. Dixon and R. wallace, "A Series active power filter which compensates current harmonics and voltage unbalance simultaneously," IEEE PESC, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp. 222-227, 1995.
[50] M. V. Ataide and J. A. Pomilio, "Single-phase shunt active filter," ISIE Guimaraes, Portugal, vol. 2, pp. 422-427, 1997.
[51] H. Fujita and H. Akagi, "The unified power quality condition: theintegration of series-and shunt- active filter ," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 315-322, 1998.
6. Soft switching techniques:
[52] K. M. Jr. Smith, and K. M. Smedley, "A comparison of voltage-mode soft-switching methods for PWM converters," IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 376-386, 1997.
[53] G. Hua, C. Leu, Y. Jiang and F. Lee, "Novel zero-voltage-transition PWM converter," IEEE Trans. Power Electronics, vol. 9, pp. 213-219, 1994.
[54] G. Hua and F. C. Lee, "Soft-switching techniques in PWM converter," IEEE Trans. Industrial Electronics, vol. 42, no. 6, pp. 595-603, 1995.
[55] G. Moschopoulos, P. Jain and Geza Joos, "A novel zero-voltage switched PWM boost converter," IEEE-PESC , pp. 694-700, 1995.
[56] R. Streit and D. Tollik, "High efficiency telecom rectifier using a novel soft-switched boost-based input current sharper," INTELEC, pp. 720-726, 1991.
[57] L. C. D. Freitas and P. R. C. Omes, "A high-power high-frequency ZCS-ZVS-PWM buck converter using a feedback resonant circuit," IEEE-PESC Conference Records, pp. 330-336, 1993.
[58] S. B. Yaakov, G. Ivensky, O. Levitin and A. Treiner, "Optimization of the auxiliary switch components in a flying capacitor ZVS PWM converters," IEEE-APEC , pp. 503-509, 1995.
[59] S. Manias and P. D. Ziogas, "A SMR topology with suppressed DC link components and predictive line current waveshaping," IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 644-653, 1987.
[60] A. R. Prasad, P. D. Ziogas and S. Manias, "A comparative evaluation of SMR converters with and without active input current waveshaping," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 461-468, 1988.
7. Soft switching-mode rectifier and charger:
[61] A. F. de Souza and I. Barbi, "A new ZVS-PWM unity power factor rectifier with reduced conduction lossess," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 10, pp. 746-752, no. 6, 1995.
[62] P. Jain, J. Valerio and P. Jain, "A review of single phase power factor correction circuits for telecommunication applications," Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 334-338, 1994.
[63] R. Streit and D. Tollik, "High efficiency telecom rectifier using a novel soft-switched boost-based input current shaper," Telecommunications Energy Conference, pp. 720-726, 1991.
[64] M. van der Berg, J.A. Ferreira and W. Hofsajer, "Aunity power factor low EMI battery charger for telecommunication applications," Proceeding of Telecommunications Energy Conference ," pp. 458-465, 1995.
[65] G. Moschopoulos, P. K. Jain, Liu Yan-Fei and G. Joos, "A zero-voltage-switched PWM boost converter with an energy feed-forward auxiliary circuit," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, no. 4, pp. 653-662, 1999.
[66] Choi Hyun Chil and Seo Chanh Jun, "Deadbeat controller design for a soft-switched high-frequency resonant rectifier," IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, no. 6, pp. 1069-1078, 1998.
[67] P. Wallmeier, J. Richter, N. Frohleke, H. Grotstollen, L. Langemeyer and B. Margaritis, "A high efficiency single-phase power factor corrected switched mode rectifier," Industrial Electronics Society, IECON'98 Proceedings the 24th IEEE Annual Conference, pp. 679-684, 1998.
[68] S. Gataric, D, Boroyevich and F. C. Lee, "Soft-switched single-switch three-phase rectifier with power factor correction," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, pp. 738-744, 1994.
[69] D. F. Weng and S. Yuvarajan, "Resonant-boost-input three-phase power factor corrector using IGBT switches with ZCS switching condition," IEEE Industry Applications Conference, pp. 2526-2529, 1999.
[70] D. F. Weng and S. Yuvarajan, "Resonant boost input three phase power factor corrector," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, pp. 958-962, 1988.
[71] D.M. Xu, C. Yang, L. Ma, C. Qiao and Z. Qian, "A novel single-phase active-clamped PFC converter," Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, pp. 266-271, 1997.
[72] Mao Hengchun, C. Y. Lee, D. Boroyevich and S. Hiti, "Review of high-performance three-phase power-factor correction circuits," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, no. 4, pp. 437-446, 1997.
[73] R. Watson and F. C. Lee, "A soft-switched, full-bridge boost converter employing an active-clamp circuit," IEEE PESC, pp.1940-1954, 1996
8. Multi-module parallel system and three-phase system based on single-phase module
[74] B. Choi, B. H. Cho, R. B. Ridley and F. C. Lee, "Control strategy for multi-module parallel converters system," IEEE PESC, pp. 225-234, 1990.
[75] K. Siri and C. Q. Lee, "Current distribution control of converter connected in parallel," in Conference Record, IEEE Industry Application Society Annual Meeting pp. 1274-1280, 1990.
[76] C. M. Liaw, L. C. Jan, W. C. Wu and S. J. Chiang, "Operation control of paralleled three-phase battery energy storage system," IEE Proc.-Electr. Power Applicat., vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 317-321, 1996.
[77] S. J. Chiang, C. M. Liaw, J. H. Ouyang and C. C. Chiang, "Multi-module parallel series-loaded resonant converters," IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 257-266, 1995.
[78] L. Moran, P. Godoy, R. Wallace and J. Dixon, "A new current control strategy for active power filters using three PWM voltage source in-verters," IEEE PESC'93, pp. 3-9 . 1993
[79] L. A. Moran, L. Fernandez, J. W. Dixon and R. Wallace, "A simple and low-cost control strategy for active power filters connected in cascade," IEEE Transactions on Industrial Power Electronics, vol. 44, no. 5, pp. 621-629, 1997.
[80] G. Spiazzi and F. C. Lee, "Implementation of single-phase boost power-factor-correction circuits in three-phase applications," IEEE transactions on industrial electronics, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 365-371, 1997.
[81] M. S. Dawande, V. R. Kanetkar and G.K. Dubey, "Three-phase switch mode rectifier with hysteresis current control," IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 11, no. 3, 1996.
9. Battery energy storage systems:
[81] C. M. Liaw, T. H. Chen, S. J. Chiang, C. M. Lee and C. T. Wang, "Small battery energy storage system," IEE Proc. pt. B, vol. 140, no. 1, pp. 7-17, 1993.
[82] C. M. Liaw and S. J. Chiang, "Design and implementation of a single-phase three-wire transformerless small battery energy storage system," IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 540-549, 1994.
[83] S. K. Biradar, R. A. Patil, M. Ullegaddi, "Energy storage system in electric vehicle," Power Quality 1998, pp. 247-255.