摘要
小稱詞是一個語法標記，牽涉到語音、語意、語法層面，而且一直吸引不少的語言學家的注意與興趣。近來，客語小稱詞的研究開始蓬勃，特別是大埔客家話的特珠35調，已經展開相關的研究。然而，其他方言的小稱詞卻乏人問津，缺乏廣泛的收集與深入的分析。因此本文旨在從語音、音韻、語意與語法角度，研究四縣、海陸、大埔、饒平和詔安的小稱詞，並且試圖提供一個完整且廣泛的討論。

本文分成兩個主要章節，一個是音韻的描述，包含語音、音韻與詞彙層面，另一個是語意的描述，包括語意與語法層面。在音韻層面裡，我們收集客語小稱詞相關的討論，概述其重要性，以及評估它們的缺失。特別的是，在我們收集到的海陸客語語料中，發現在伍威村、中勢村和新埔地區，發音人會交替著使用兩種小稱詞，一個是[(schewa)]，另一個是採用特殊的變調方式。這是一種共時的變異，而且通行南部四縣客語的佳冬鎮和新埤鎮也出現了同樣的情況，也就是[e]與[i]交替使用。我們認為這兩種不同的小稱詞形式彼此有歷時的聯繫，可能其中一個形式是上一個輪迴留下的化石。然而，這需要更進一步的調查與探討。

基於曹逢甫(2006)的「語法化輪迴」理論與Jurafsky (1996)的「語意的放射狀範疇」理論，我們描述且比較了五個方言的小稱詞特點，同時建構了客語小稱詞的語意放射狀範疇，裡頭呈現小稱詞多貌的語意，以及解釋其語意的產生。最後，我們認為四縣客語的小稱詞是語法化程度最高的一個，再來是海陸、饒平、大埔，最後是詔安。至於能產度方面，在A類到D3類，饒平和詔安是最能產的，再來是海陸、四縣與大埔；在D4到E6類，順序是海陸、四縣、饒平，然後是大埔跟詔安。最後，[se]（細）是新的輪迴所採用的形式，它會在語法化輪迴裡A類到D1類取代原本的小稱詞。

ABSTRACT
The diminutive is a grammatical marker involving the development of phonetic, semantics, and grammatical, and it have deeply attracted much attention of linguists. Recently, researches on Hakka diminutives have started, especially in Dapu 35 tone. However, studies on other Hakka diminutives are scantily explored. Therefore, this thesis aims to investigate the phonological and semantic properties of the diminutives in five sub-dialects, Sixian, Hailu, Raoping, Dapu and Zhaoan, for providing a complete and general discussion.

The study is further divided into two sections: the phonological and the semantic descriptions. In the perspective of phonology, an overall illustration is presented after subsuming the discussions on the five diminutives, summarizing the significance, and evaluating the defects. Furthermore, we find that two diminutive phonetic variations [(schewa)] and a special changed tone occurring in Hailu dialects, especially in Wuwei Village, Jhongshih Village and Sinpu area, and also the variations [e] and [i] in Sixian dialects, especially in Jiadong and Sinpi Townships. From the present data, we primarily assume that the two variations are posited in different cycle of grammaricalization. Yet, it requires further investigation.

Based on the model of grammaticalization cycle proposed by Tsao (2006), and the model of radial category conceived by Jurafsky (1996), we describe the characteristics of the diminutives in five sub-dialects in semantic and grammatical, cross-linguistically, and the radial category of Hakka diminutive is illustrated for expressing the semantic properties and explaining the mechanisms of semantic changes. Consequently, we conclude that

1.The degree of grammaticalization: Sixian> Hailu> Raoping> Dapu> Zhaoan
The degree of productivity: Raoping, Zhaoan> Hailu> Sixian> Dapu (AD3)
Hailu> Sixian> Raoping> Dapu, Zhaoan (D4E6)
2.The form [se] is adopted and posited in a new grammaticalization cycle, and the diminutives in five sub-dialects are replaced by [se] in category A to D1.

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Dictionaries (translated into English)
Council for Hakka Affairs, the Executive Yuan (行政院客家事務委員會). 2005 & 2007. Primary and Intermediate and High-level Hakka Proficiency Test Textbooks of five sub-dialects, Sixian, Hailu, Dapu, Raoping, Zhaoan.
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Chu, Shin-Yi (朱心怡). 2007. Hsinchu Raoping yu Hailu Kejiahua yinyun bijiao yanjiu (Comparative research in Hsin-chu hakka dialect of Roaping and Hai-Lu harmonious sounds). M.A. Thesis. Graduate Institute of Hakka Language and Literature, National Central University.
Chung, Li-Mei (鍾麗美). 2005. Pingtung Neipu Keyu de gongshi bianyi (The synchronic variation in Pingtung Neipu Hakka). M.A. Thesis, Graduate Institute of Taiwan Cultures and Languages, National Kaohsiung Normal University.
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