漢語副詞的連續性與泛稱性｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	楊惠婷 Yang, Hui-Ting
論文名稱：	漢語副詞的連續性與泛稱性 Adverbs of continuity and genericity in Mandarin Chinese
指導教授：	林宗宏 Lin, Tzong-Hong
口試委員:	劉辰生 Liu, Chen-Sheng 楊中玉 Yang, Chung-Yu
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	人文社會學院 - 語言學研究所 Institute of Linguistics
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	142
中文關鍵詞：	副詞、連續性、泛稱性、一般、一向、一貫、一直
外文關鍵詞：	adverbs, continuity, genericity, yiban, yiguan, yixiang, yizhi
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本篇論文結果呈現出，「一般」、「一向」、「一貫」、「一直」這四個副詞，雖然在漢語中皆能表達連續性 (continuity) 或泛稱性 (genericity) 的概念，但彼此之間仍存有差異。在此主要以句法和語意兩個面向來探討「一般」、「一向」、「一貫」、「一直」的基本語言特性、及其連續性與泛稱性。
就句法而言，這四個副詞的結構分佈與Cinque (1999)、Tenny (2000) 和Liao(2004) 所提出的理論相符。「一般」和「一向」皆位於最高層的動貌詞組(higher aspect)，介於時制詞組 (TP) 與輕動詞詞組 (vP) 之間；「一貫」位於輕動詞詞組 (vP)，為主語導向副詞；「一直」則介於最高層的動貌詞組 (higher aspect) 與中層的動貌詞組 (middle aspect) 之間。
在語意方面，先從連續性的觀點看起：「一向」和「一貫」皆為非連續性副詞；然而，在特定的時間範圍裡，「一直」則在於著重重複或持續性的行為。由於「一般」能允許例外，它並無蘊含任何與連續性相關的概念。其次，從泛稱性的觀點來看，「一向」和「一貫」既無法允許例外，也未蘊含同樣事件在未來仍有發生的可能性。除此之外，「一向」和「一貫」的不同點在於，「一貫」所修飾的事件是從過去到現在，並延續至當下說話的時間點 (speech time)；但「一向」卻止於說話時間點之前。「一直」是個表連續性的副詞，它並無蘊含任何與泛稱性相關的特性。「一般」則是個表泛稱性的副詞，能允許例外並蘊含同樣事件在未來仍有發生的可能性。

關鍵字：副詞、連續性、泛稱性、一般、一向、一貫、一直

This thesis shows that although yiban ‘generally’, yiguan ‘at all times’, yixiang ‘all the time’ and yizhi ‘continually’ in Mandarin Chinese all denote continuity and/or genericity, they behave differently.
This thesis proposes that these four adverbs adjoin to different structural levels of the sentence. Theoretically, the syntactic hierarchy of these four adverbs matches the theories proposed by Cinque (1999), Tenny (2000) and Liao (2004). Yiban and yixiang are associated with a higher aspect level (Liao’s (2004) TAS model), between TP and vP. Yiguan is structually associated with vP-level, as a subject-oriented adverb. Yizhi is located between a higher aspect and a middle aspect.
In regards to continuity, yixiang and yiguan exhibit discontinuity and modify the set of events in a situation-by-situation manner. Yizhi, in contrast to yixiang and yiguan, exhibits continuity and focuses on repetitive or continual action within a given time interval. Yiban permits exceptions, and it does not imply any sense of continuity. In regards to genericity, yixiang and yiguan neither tolerate exceptions nor have a future interpretation. They both entail a set of events that have happened in a time frame ranging from the past, while yiguan, differing from yixiang, requires the event to be held at the speech time. Yizhi does not show any semantic feature of genericity, either. Yiban allows for exceptions, has a future interpretation, and can be considered a generic adverb.

Table of Contents
Chinese Abstract    i                               
English Abstract    ii                                                 
Acknowledgment      iii                                              
Table of Contents   iv                                                 

Chapter 1.   Introduction                             1                                            
Chapter 2.   Literature Review                        5                             
1    Continuity in English                          5                     
1.1    Continuous aspect                            5 
1.2    Continuative adverbs                         6
2    Continuity in Mandarin Chinese                 7                       
2.1    Continuous aspect                            7  
2.2    Continuative adverbs                         9
3    Genericity in English                          11                    
3.1    Carlson (1989)                               11
3.2    Krifka et al. (1995)                         11                  
4    Genericity in Mandarin Chinese                 14                      
4.1    Hsieh (2004)                                 14
4.2    Chen (2008)                                  18
Chapter 3    Continuity and genericity of yixiang     21                    
1    Introduction                                   21          
2    The syntactic requirements of yixiang          22              
2.1    Stative versus Dynamic                       23     
2.2    Episodic versus Generic                      27
3    The syntactic position of yixiang              30              
3.1    Epistemic adverbs and temporal adverbs       30     
3.2    Aspectual adverbs                            33
3.3    vP-adverbs                                   38
3.4    VP-level elements                            40     
4    Continuity of yixiang                          41          
5    Genericity of yixiang                          45          
5.1    No exceptions                                45
5.2    No future interpretation                     48     
5.3    The generic sense of yixiang                 51       
6    Interaction with aspect markers                54            
7    Concluding remarks                             56        
Chapter 4    Continuity and genericity of yiban       58                
1    Introduction                                   58          
2    The syntactic requirements of yiban            59            
2.1    Stative versus Dynamic                       59     
2.2    Episodic versus Generic                      62
3    The syntactic position of yiban                64            
3.1    Evaluative adverbs and epistemic adverbs     64       
3.2    Temporal adverbs                             66
3.3    Aspectual adverbs                            67
3.4    vP-adverbs anb VP-level elements             71
4    Genericity of yiban                            74            
4.1    The generic sense of yiban                   74     
4.2    Probability of events                        76
5     Continuity of yiban                           79             
6    Interaction with aspect markers                80            
7    Concluding remarks                             82        
Chapter 5    Continuity and genericity of yiguan      84                
1    Introduction                                   84          
2    The syntactic requirements of yiguan           86             
2.1    Stative versus Dynamic                       86     
2.2    Episodic versus Generic                      89
3    The syntactic position of yiguan               91             
3.1    Epistemic adverbs                            92
3.2    Temporal adverbs                             93
3.3    Aspectual adverbs                            94
3.4    vP-adverbs and VP-level elements             96
4     Continuity of yiguan                          99          
5    Genericity of yiguan                           100         
5.1    Restrictions on the subject                  100      
5.2    No exceptions                                102    
5.3    No future interpretation                     104       
6    Interaction with aspect markers                108            
7    Concluding remarks                             110         
Chapter 6    Continuity and genericity of yizhi       111                  
1    Introduction                                   111        
2    The syntactic requirements of yizhi            111            
2.1    Stative versus Dynamic                       111    
2.2    Episodic versus Generic                      113
3    The syntactic position of yizhi                115           
3.1    Epistemic adverbs and temporal adverbs       115    
3.2    Aspectual adverbs                            117
3.3    vP-level adverbs                             122
3.4    VP-level elements                            124    
4     Continuity of yizhi                           129             
4.1    Continuity in aspectual viewpoint            129        
4.2    The subinterval property                     130    
5    Genericity of yizhi                            132            
6    Interaction with aspect markers                133            
7    Concluding remarks                             135         
Chapter 7    Conclusion                               137             
References                                            140              
                                                
                                

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