為因應能源危機，目前各國皆以節能減碳、開發新能源、能源高效率使用以及發展分散式發電技術為長期政策目標。而其中光伏能源具有取之不盡、用之不竭與無震動噪音之優點，所以近年來始終維持很高的裝置成長率。本論文所進行之研究重點旨在針對太陽光伏電能轉換系統，分別對於光伏模組輸出端以及後級電能轉換器架構方面提出增進系統電能轉換效率之技術。首先，本論文點出了光伏模組輸出端所接以切換式電力轉換器固有之電流漣波會造成光伏模組輸出功率無法保持運轉於最大輸出功率點、導致其平均輸出功率減少等問題。針對此問題，本論文提出一具體量化之方式探討電流漣波對於太陽能光伏系統所造成的影響，並進一步提出被動式電流漣波消除技術解決此困境，使得系統能更精確地操作於光伏最大功率點，以有效擷取太陽能最大輸出功率。
本論文所提之被動式電流漣波消除技術包括一被動式連續性漣波消除電路以及一被動式脈衝性漣波消除電路，可分別針對具有連續性/脈衝性電流漣波之轉換器消除其輸入端/輸出端之電流漣波。本論文所提電流漣波消除電路皆具有架構簡單、模組化架構以及設計富彈性等特點。針對所提被動式連續性漣波消除電路，由於傳統邱克型轉換器具有可升/降壓以及低輸入/輸出電流漣波之特點，本文以其為例整合所提被動式連續性漣波消除電路，進而提出一具有零輸入電流漣波之邱克型轉換器。另一方面，針對所提被動式脈衝性漣波消除電路，由於返馳式轉換器為小功率電力電子產品中最被廣泛應用之電路架構，本文以其為例整合所提被動式脈衝性漣波消除電路，進而提出一具有零輸入電流漣波之返馳式轉換器。相對應所提漣波消除電路之工作原理、穩態分析、零電流漣波設計條件、與傳統直/直流以及直/交流轉換器整合之電路架構亦於本論文中一併完成。
此外，由於光伏模組係屬低壓輸出之再生能源，傳統轉換器因其電壓轉換比不夠高，使得轉換器開關必須接近臨界進而造成開關導通損失增加等問題。爰此，本論文針對光伏模組低壓輸出之特性，提出一具有高升壓比以及低開關跨壓特點之新型直/交流模組整合型轉換器以增進整體電能轉換效率。針對所提高升壓比直/交流轉換器之工作原理、穩態分析、直流及小訊號數學模型亦於本論文中一併完成。根據所提之學理基礎，本論文提供了八種整合型高升壓比直/交流轉換器電路架構作為參考。再者，本論文所提之漣波消除電路亦可整合至該高升壓比直/交流轉換器中以進一步增加轉換器輸出功率。
最後，本論文根據所提之被動式電流漣波消除電路以及高升壓比直/交流轉換器，實際製作三個轉換器雛型電路以驗證所提技術之可行性與優越性。第一，針對所研製之90W零輸入電流漣波邱克型轉換器電路，其實驗結果顯示本論文所提被動式連續性電流漣波消除電路可有效減小傳統邱克轉換器之輸入電流漣波達98%，相較於原邱克轉換器可使光伏模組之平均輸出功率增加7%。第二，針對所研製之100W零輸入電流漣波返馳式轉換器電路，其實驗結果顯示本論文所提被動式脈衝性電流漣波消除電路可有效減小傳統返馳式轉換器之輸入電流漣波達96%。此外，值得一提的是於滿載100W之電路測試條件下，整合所提被動式脈衝性電流漣波消除電路至傳統返馳式轉換器可有效提升其電能轉換效率達10.23%。第三，針對本論文所研製之200W高升壓比直/交流轉換器，實驗結果顯示其最高效率可達92.3%。相較於傳統邱克型直/交流轉換器，本論文所提轉換器於輕載40W測試條件下可提升其效率達10%，且於120W及200W測試條件下可提升其效率分別達3%及1.4%。

Due to the limited fossil energy and greenhouse effect, more and more countries are devoting to development and promotion of renewable energy sources. Among the various renewable energy sources, solar energy has the advantages of being inexhaustible and noiseless. Hence, installation of photovoltaic (PV) energy harvesting system keeps a rather high growing rate in recent years. For most PV systems, a switching power converter is required as a regulator for harvesting the maximum output power. However, the inherent current ripple of switching power converter may cause significant impact on the output of PV system. In this dissertation, the first objective is focused on the study of the quantitative ripple-affected power reduction of PV energy harvesting systems as well as proposing a passive ripple cancelling technique to solve the above dilemma.
A passive continuous ripple cancelling circuit (PCRCC) and a passive pulsating ripple cancelling circuit (PPRCC) are proposed for eliminating the continuous and pulsating current ripple of power converters, respectively. Special features of the proposed passive ripple cancelling circuits (PRCCs) include simple, modular structure, and high degree of design flexibility. A zero input current ripple Ćuk-type converter is adopted and analyzed as an example for the proposed PCRCC because of its step up/down capability and non-pulsating input/output current feature. On the other hand, for the proposed PPRCC, a zero input current ripple flyback-type converter is proposed and analyzed as an example because of its comprehensive utilization in small power rating commercial products. The corresponding steady-state analysis, zero ripple design criteria, and the topologies of several conventional power converters integrated with the proposed PCRCC/PPRCC are provided.
In addition, a novel high voltage gain single-stage DC/AC converter is proposed for low-voltage and high-current output PV module applications. A flyback-type auxiliary circuit is integrated with an isolated Ćuk-derived voltage source DC/AC converter to achieve a much higher voltage gain so that the conversion efficiency can be enhanced. Steady-state characteristics, performance analysis, simulation and experimental results are given to show the merits of the proposed high voltage gain single-stage DC/AC converter. Based on the same integration concept, a family of different topologies is also presented for reference. Moreover, the proposed PRCC is also integrated into the proposed high voltage gain DC/AC converter as an example for further increasing the output power.
Finally, three converter prototypes are constructed for verifying the effectiveness of the proposed PCRCC, PPRCC, and high voltage gain DC/AC converter, respectively. First, the experimental results of the 90W rating zero input current ripple Ćuk-type converter prototype show that the resulting peak-to-peak input current ripple is reduced by 98% of the original Ćuk converter input current ripple, and the harvested average PV power of the proposed converter can be increased by 7% as compared with that of the converter without the proposed PCRCC. Second, the experimental results of the 100W rating zero input current ripple flyback-type converter prototype show that the resulting peak-to-peak input current ripple is reduced by 98% of the original flyback converter input current ripple, and nearly 2.83% and 10.23% improvement in efficiency can be achieved by the proposed PPRCC, at 70W and 100W load conditions, respectively. Third, the experimental results of the 200W rating high voltage gain DC/AC converter show that the highest efficiency of 92.3% can be achieved. There is approximately 10% improvement in efficiency at 40W light load as compared with the conventional isolated Ćuk-derived DC/AC converter. Also, it indicates that nearly 3% and 1.4% improvement in efficiency can be achieved by the proposed DC/AC converter, under 120W and 200W load conditions, respectively.

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Two-Stage Topologies for Low-Voltage Output Distributed Energy Resources
[79]L. Zhang, K. Sun, Y. Xing, L. Feng, and H. Ge, “A modular grid-connected photovoltaic generation system based on DC bus,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 523-531, Feb. 2011.
[80]S. Malo and R. Griñó, “Design, construction, and control of a stand-alone energy-conditioning system for PEM-type fuel cells,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2496-2506, Oct. 2010.
[81]K. Y. Lo, Y. M. Chen, and Y. R. Chang, “MPPT battery charger for stand-alone wind power system,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 1631-1638, Jun. 2011.
[82]Y. Xue, L. Chang, S. B. Kjaer, J. Bordonau, and T. Shimizu, “Topologies of single-phase inverters for small distributed power generators: an overview,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 5, pp, 1305-1314, Sep. 2004.

Z-Source/Modified Z-Source DC/AC Converters
[83]F. Z. Peng, “Z-source inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 504-510, Mar./Apr. 2003.
[84]J. Li, J. Liu, and L. Zeng, “Comparison of Z-source inverter and traditional two-stage boost-buck inverter in grid-tied renewable energy generation,” IEEE 6th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, pp. 1493-1497, 2009.
[85]P. C. Loh, F. Gao, and F. Blaabjerg, “Embedded EZ-source inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 256-267, Jan./Feb. 2010.
[86]S. M. Dehghan, M. Mohamadian, A. Yazdian, and F. Ashrafzadeh, “A dual-input–dual-output Z-source inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 360-368, Feb. 2010.
[87]C. J. Gajanayake, F. L. Luo, H. B. Gooi, P. L. So, and L. K. Siow, “Extended-boost Z-source inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2642-2652, Oct. 2010.
[88]M. Zhu, K. Yu, and F. L. Luo, “Switched inductor Z-source inverter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 8, pp. 2150-2158, Aug. 2010.
[89]F. Gao, P. C. Loh, F. Blaabjerg, and D. M. Vilathgamuwa, “Five-level current-source inverters with buck-boost and inductive-current balancing capabilities,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 57, no. 8, pp. 2613-2622, Aug. 2010.
[90]A. A. Boora, A. Nami, F. Zare, A. Ghosh, and F. Blaabjerg, “Voltage-sharing converter to supply single-phase asymmetrical four-level diode-clamped inverter with high power factor loads,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 10, pp. 2507-2520, Oct. 2010.
[91]S. Yang, F. Z. Peng, Q. Lei, R. Inoshita, and Z. Qian, “Current-fed quasi-z-source inverter with voltage buck–boost and regeneration capability,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 882-892, Mar./Apr. 2011.

Single-Stage Energy Processing Based on Sepic-, Ćuk-, or Zeta-derived converters
[92]J. Y. Chen, C. T. Pan, and Y. S. Huang, “Modeling of a three-phase step up/down AC/DC converter,” Asian Journal of Control, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 58-65, 1999.
[93]C. T. Pan and J. J. Shieh, “A single-stage three-phase boost-buck AC/DC converter based on generalized zero-space vectors,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 949-958, Sep. 1999.
[94]C. T. Pan and J. J Shieh, “New space-vector control strategies for three-phase step-up/down AC/DC converter,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 25-35, Feb. 2000.
[95]J. Kikuchi and T. A. Lipo, “Three-phase PWM boost-buck rectifiers with power-regenerating capability,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 1361-1369, Sep./Oct. 2002.
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[98]F. Gao, P. C. Loh, R. Teodorescu, F. Blaabjerg, and D. M. Vilathgamuwa, “Topological design and modulation strategy for buck-boost three-level inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 1722-1732, Jul. 2009.
[99]J. J. Shieh, “SEPIC derived three-phase switching mode rectifier with sinusoidal input current,” IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, vol. 147, no. 4, pp. 286-294, Jul. 2000.

Passive Continuous Ripple Cancelling Circuit Proposed by Author
[100]M. C. Cheng, “A zero input current ripple Ćuk converter for photovoltaic systems,” Master Thesis, Dep. of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, Jul. 2009.

Modeling of Photovoltaic Systems
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State-Space Averaging Technique
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High Voltage Gain DC/DC Converters with Similar Efficiency Curves
[113]K. B. Park, G. W. Moon, and M. J. Youn, “Nonisolated high step-up stacked converter based on boost-integrated isolated converter,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 577-587, Feb. 2011.
[114]C. Yoon, J. Kim, and S. Choi, “Multiphase DC-DC converters using a boost-half-Bridge cell for high-voltage and high-power applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 381-388, Feb. 2011.
[115]Y. P. Hsieh, J. F. Chen, T. J. Liang, and L. S. Yang, “A novel high step-up DC-DC converter for a microgrid system,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1127-1136, Apr. 2011.
[116]S. M. Chen, T. J. Liang, L. S. Yang, and J. F. Chen, “A cascaded high step-up DC-DC converter with single switch for microsource applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1146-1153, Apr. 2011.

Soft-Switching Techniques
[117]W. Yu, J. S. Lai, and S. Y. Park, “An improved zero-voltage switching inverter using two coupled magnetics in one resonant pole,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 952-961, Apr. 2010.
[118]Y. Li and F. C. Lee, “A generalized zero-current-transition concept to simplify multilevel ZCT converters,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 1310-1320, Sep./Oct. 2006.
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[120]C. T. Pan and Y. L. Juan, “An integrated three-phase ZVS AC/DC converter with soft-switching feature,” Journal of Power Electronics, Taiwan Power Electronics Association, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.59-66, Jan. 2004.

Parallel Control, Circulating Current Control
[121]M. Castilla, J. Miret, J. Matas, L. G. de Vicuña, and J. M. Guerrero, “Linear current control scheme with series resonant harmonic compensator for single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic inverters,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2724-2733, Jul. 2008.
[122]J. M. Guerrero, J. Matas, L. G. de Vicuña, M. Castilla, and J. Miret, “Decentralized control for parallel operation of distributed generation inverters using resistive output impedance,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp. 994-1004, Apr. 2007.
[123]T. F. Wu, Y. K. Chen, and Y. H. Huang, “3C strategy for inverters in parallel operation achieving an equal current distribution,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 273-281, Apr. 2004.
[124]C. T. Pan and Y. H. Liao, “Modeling and control of circulating currents for parallel three-phase boost rectifiers with different load sharing,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2776-2785, Jul. 2008.
[125]C. T. Pan and Y. H. Liao, “Modeling and coordinate control of circulating currents in parallel three-phase boost rectifiers,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 54, no. 2, pp.825-838, Apr. 2007.
[126]S. H. Li and C. M. Liaw, “Paralleled DSP-based soft switching-mode rectifiers with robust voltage regulation control,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 937-946, Jul. 2004.
[127]C. M. Liaw, L. C. Jan, W. C. Wu, and S. J. Chiang, “Operation control of paralleled three-phase battery energy storage system,” IEE Proceedings - Electric Power Applications, vol. 143, no. 4, pp. 317-322, Jul. 1996.
[128]P. T. Cheng, C. C. Hou, and J. S. Li, “Design of an auxiliary converter for the diode rectifier and the analysis of the circulating current,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 1658-1667, Jul. 2008.

Differential-Mode and Common-Mode Noise Suppression
[129]D. Hamza, M. Qiu, and P. K. Jain, “Application and stability analysis of a novel digital active EMI filter used in a grid-tied PV microinverter module,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 2867-2874, Jun. 2013.
[130]K. Wada and T. Shimizu, “Reduction methods of conducted EMI noise on parallel operation for AC module inverters,” IEEE 38th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, pp.3016-3021, 2007.
[131]D. Cochrane, D. Y. Chen, and D. Boroyevic, “Passive cancellation of common-mode noise in power electronic circuits,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 756-763, May 2003.
[132]S. Wang and F. C. Lee, “Investigation of the transformation between differential-mode and common-mode noises in an EMI filter due to unbalance,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 578-587, Aug. 2010.
[133]Y. P. Chan, B. M. H. Pong, N. K. Poon, and J. C. P. Liu, “Common-mode noise cancellation in switching-mode power supplies using an equipotential transformer modeling technique,” IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 594-602, Jun. 2012.

Datasheets, User Manuals
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[135]Mathematica: User Manual, Wolfram Technologies Inc. [Online]. Available: http://www.wolfram.com/learningcenter/tutorialcollection/MathematicsAndAlgorithms/MathematicsAndAlgorithms.pdf.
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[141]TMS320F2808 Data Manual. Texas Instruments. [Online]. Available: http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tms320f2808.pdf.
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