本文以渦流變化之觀點，探討主導固態燃料引燃與火焰傳播現象之因素，提出影響紊流非均勻非預混燃燒與引燃之物理機制。固態燃料衝壓引擎(SFRJ)之燃燒反應為非預混火焰，流場中渦流結構之變化直接影響空氣與燃氣之混合，進而主導火焰之生成與燃燒反應。鈍體駐焰器中以背向階梯為最簡單且廣泛應用之機構，其流場特性以渦流結構之變化最為明顯。因此，以固態燃料為主之背向階梯燃燒室中，渦流結構因燃燒及燃料熱解所引發之變化相當值得深入探討。雖然眾多文獻對於燃燒突張室之火焰動態及流場特性已多有探討，但皆受限於氣態預混燃燒流場之範圍，以固態燃料為主之非預混燃燒流場更加複雜且其流場尚未被深入探索。
本文分別以具突張燃燒室之高溫熱流風洞及低溫風洞為進行實驗，燃燒之測試條件為高速高溫氣流(Re = 6200, T0 = 800 ~ 850℃, [O2] ~ 11.7 %)以熱對流引燃背向階梯下游之固態燃料 (PMMA)，以模擬SFRJ燃燒室中的非穩態引燃過程；另以低溫壁面噴流實驗模擬燃料熱解蒸氣對流場之影響。量測部分以高速火焰傳播影像、流場可視化及粒子影像速度(PIV)以分析流場定性及定量變化特性。
由於熱釋放效應，預混燃燒及非燃燒場為小渦流結構主導，非預混燃燒場為大渦流結構主導。渦流結構之變化造成引燃瞬態之火焰傳播由三個特徵階段(Phase 1 ~ 3)所組成：Phase 1 為下游再成長邊界層火焰區之發展階段，流場由小渦流主導演變至大渦流主導，小渦流增加燃氣混合，使初期火焰得以產生，進而產生下游火焰區，縮短該區化學反應時間，使引燃起始發生於下游區；Phase 2為下游火焰區不斷提供逆向火焰傳播引燃再接觸區，破碎之小渦流吹熄初期逆傳火焰，但同時幫助大量燃氣混合，故形成再接觸區之熄滅-再引燃週期發展現象；Phase 3為剪流層大渦流將再接觸區破碎焰核捲迴，向上游傳遞進而引燃剪流層，產生順向火焰傳播而完成引燃過程。
引燃瞬間非均勻放熱所產生之燃氣與主流場之瞬態混合機制可藉由壁面噴流之注入與主流場混合至穩定狀態前，迴流區渦流結構受壁面噴流注入而改變或破壞之暫態演變加以探討。由於角落渦漩及主迴流泡間之運動變化，使噴流與主迴流區之混合作用有特定機制。當壁面噴流啟動時，無論噴流強度皆使距離階梯0.5 ~ 1.5 h 間之近壁處最先受到噴流之注入而破壞，該破壞區隨噴流持續注入而向下游擴散。受到剪流層之阻擋，除了階梯角落外，噴流之持續注入使原本迴流泡之區域形成一股與主流場同向之噴流，並逐漸將迴流區均勻化，此時其與主流場之混合效果最差且混合侷限於主流與此噴流交界之剪流層，壁面噴流越強，混合效果之降低越快。
固態燃料熱解燃氣對引燃前之熱解平衡態與引燃後穩定燃燒態之影響，可藉由壁面噴流注入與主流場作用達到穩態後之新流場特性加以討論。在較低之入口速度下，迴流區受壁面噴流主導，迴流泡及角落渦旋等結構皆受到破壞，混合效果顯著之區域其混合效果隨噴流增強而降低且向下游移動。壁面噴流太強時，原流場完全改變，在x = 2 h下游形成噴流擴張層且使剪流層於階梯後方提早與壁面再接觸，此時之流場混合效果最差。增加一倍的入口速度時，迴流區幾乎保持原來結構，混合效果在小的噴流量時稍微增加，但之後隨噴流量增加而降低。迴流泡隨噴流增加而向上游移動，與最強混合效果區域之移動趨勢相同。小噴流強度(Qw = 50)皆使主流場之擾動降低；x = h區域為受到噴流進入之關鍵區。以壁面噴流作為壁面冷卻防護而言，壁面噴流強度與流場Re存在一較適關係，使得噴流具有足夠之防護效果，卻又不致影響原流場混合特性太多。
本文提出SFRJ引燃啟動後火焰發展與流場渦流變化之新觀點，除能深入了解SFRJ不穩定引燃及火焰延燒之控制現象及機構之設計，亦提供固態衍生燃料高溫燃燒之研究基礎。

The convective ignition of solid fuel (PMMA) in a sudden-expansion combustor is investigated from the perspective of flame-vortex interactions. Most of the studies of sudden-expansion combustors focus on the non-reacting flow and patterns of heat transfer. For the reacting flow, the premixed cases are more comprehensively discussed. Literatures dedicated to the phenomena of solid fuel ignition within the sudden-expansion combustors are rare. Adequate mixing between the fuel vapor and the oxidizing stream is critical to the ignition. It has been demonstrated from jet diffusion-flame that the mixing is approached via vortex roll-up. Moreover, the corresponding strain effects associated with vortices have also been investigated. Accordingly, the connections between vortices and the ignition/flame spread of the present study are expected to be significant. Nonetheless, for the transient flame spread over the surface of solid fuel in actual sudden-expansion combustors, the effects of shedding vortices and the turbulence behavior have rarely been addressed.
A connected-pipe test facility for ramjet applications was established in this study. The heated oxidizing stream required for the experiment (Reh = 6200, U0 = 22 m/s, [O2] ~ 11.7 %, and T0 = 810oC) is generated by the combustion of air-LPG mixture within the vitiator. A PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) slab (thickness = 6 mm) serves as the fuel grain, and the step height (h) is 35 mm. Also, a cold flow with wall mass injection was conducted to simulate the effects of fuel vapor on the flow behind a step. Transient flow visualization and measurements with particle image velocimetry (PIV) of both nonreacting and nonpremixed reacting flows were undertaken.
While large-scale coherent vortical structures dominate mixing and thus the nonpremixed reaction, dilatation from the reaction affects back to these structures. The mixing-induced reaction results in a great difference of large vortical structures between the nonpremixed reacting and nonreacting flows. Small eddies form large-scale coherent vortical structures in the nonreacting flow, whereas no apparent small eddies were found in moderate-scale coherent vortical structures in the nonpremixed reacting flow. Vortical characteristics that differ among nonreacting, premixed and nonpremixed reacting flows are demonstrated and indicated.
Three phases of the transient flame spread are identified via the diagnostics of flow visualization and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The dominance of small/large vortices is revealed respectively in the pre-/post-ignition regimes, which demonstrates the small-to-large vortex transformation due to heat release. Attributed to the decreased characteristic reaction time and enhanced mixing, the first ignition is observed at the downstream end of the fuel, after which a primitive flame is formed and initiates the opposed flame spread. During the spread, the rolling behavior of flame kernels are considered to be dominated by the small eddies. The combined effects of broken vortices and continuing pyrolysis introduce the periodical extinction-reignition around the reattachment region. At the final phase, the entrainment of flame kernels into the shear layer is facilitated by the large shedding vortices, and a sustained diffusion flame is established.
The transient dynamic interactions before a new steady state between a wall mass injection and the sudden-expansion flow were revealed. The results can simulate the transient effects on the SFRJ flow due to the high-temperature unsteady vaporized fuel gas. The uniform injection into the recirculation is nonuniform due to the dynamic interactions between the corner eddy and the recirculation bubbles. The initial intruding of wall mass injection always stars at the near-wall region 0.5 ~ 1.5 h downstream the step. The mixing in the recirculation region is reduced with increasing wall mass injection rate.
The interactions after a new steady state between a wall mass injection and the sudden-expansion flow were investigated. The results can simulate the effects on the SFRJ flow due to the high-temperature vaporized fuel gas before ignition and after ignition. Low mass injection rate (Qw = 50 L/min) reduces the fluctuations with inlet small/large Reynolds numbers. The region of 1 h downstream the step is the most affected due to the wall mass injection. As a perspective of wall cooling, a compromise condition is found to conserve the coolant and sustain the mixing characteristics of the designed SFRJ.
The study not only provides novel insights into the convective ignition of solid fuel in the separation-reattachment flow, but also serves as a basis for the advancement of ignition control.

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林佑俊，2005，突張燃燒室中引燃與火焰傳播現象之探討，碩士論文，國立清華大學動力機械工程學系。
吳浴沂，1994，突張燃燒室中燃料混合及引燃瞬態研究，博士論文，國立清華大學動力機械工程學系。
黃興閎，2004，背向階梯流場之剪流層非穩態特性研究，碩士論文，國立清華大學動力機械工程學系。