橋接簡易與高複雜度無線感測網路標準之基礎架構設計

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研究生：	柯乃元 Nai-Yuan Ko
論文名稱：	橋接簡易與高複雜度無線感測網路標準之基礎架構設計 Infra-structure Support for Bridging Simple and Complex Wireless Sensor Network Standards
指導教授：	周百祥 Pai H. Chou
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 資訊工程學系 Computer Science
論文出版年：	2008
畢業學年度：	96
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	80
中文關鍵詞：	無線感測器網路、通訊協定、基礎架構
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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無線感測器網路是一種以感測器所構成的分佈式自主系統的無線網路。無線感測器網路目前已使用在許多現實生活中的應用領域，例如環境生態監控，醫療保健應用，家庭自動化，交通控制等。目前已存在著許多不同的無線感測器網路通訊協定，這些通訊協定有些是朝標準化邁進，有些則是針對不同的感測器以及應用設計客製化的協定。不同的無線感測器網路通訊協定讓使用者能夠在豐富的功能性以及客製化之間做取捨。為了結合這兩種方法的優點，我們的做法是提供了一個基礎架構的系統，用以橋接簡易和高複雜度的無線感測器網路通訊協定。為了證明了這個基礎架構的可行性，我們示範將ZigBee通訊協定和Eco平台做結合。要使資源限制很嚴苛的Eco平台，與ZigBee網絡整合，我們除了橋接兩種網路的無線封包外，也替每個Eco平台建立一個虛擬的ZigBee身份，使得其他的ZigBee節點以為Eco是另一個真實的ZigBee節點。為了克服Eco平台缺乏多跳能力的問題，我們設計了一個輕便且能夠在不同的閘道器之間快速換手的通訊協定。實驗結果證明，我們的基礎架構的確可以正確且有效率地橋接簡易以及高複雜度的無線感測器網路通訊協定並且可以支援大量的感測器節點。

Abstract i
Acknowledgments ii
Contents iii
Introduction 1
1 Interoperability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Meeting Application Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Solution: Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Related Works 6
1 Infrastructural WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Heterogeneous WSN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3 Node Localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Range-based localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Range-free localization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.3 Localization in mobile networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Background 10
1 EZ-Gate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.1.1 LM-2400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.1.2 Gateway main board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2 Software modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.1 RadioPulse Software Module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.2 Gateway Software Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.3 Host . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2 ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Profile concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Descriptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.1 Node descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.2 Node power descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.3 Simple descriptor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3 Message format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.1 KVP message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 MSG message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3 Eco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.2 Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.1 RF transceiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2.2 Internal memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Technical Approach 20
1 Goals, Assumptions, and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2 Technical Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.1 Multiple Access for Simple Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2 Assessment of Link Quality and Gateway Choice . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 Handoff Scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4 Rejoining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5 Bridging with ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
System Design 28
1 Protocol Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.1 Node Join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.2 Node Handoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2 Eco Node . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1 State Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Data Base Transceiver Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 Control Base Transceiver Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
5 ZigBee Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6 Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
7 Lookup Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
7.1 Node Handoff Schedule Center (NHSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.1.1 Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
7.1.2 Load Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.2 Node Information Database (NIDB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
7.2.1 NodeID assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2.2 EndPoint bitmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
7.2.3 Location Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.2.4 Node state machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7.3 Message Routing System (MRS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.3.1 ZigBee routes to EcoMAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
7.3.2 EcoMAC routes to ZigBee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Implementation 45
1 ZigBee Coordinator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2 Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.1 ZigBee Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.1.1 API Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.1.2 Implementation issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.2 ZigBee EcoNet Translator (ZENT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.1 Message format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.2 API Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.2.3 Implementation issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3 Lookup Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.1 Data structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1.1 Eco Node Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1.2 Gateway Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 LS-Gateway communication packet format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3 Function description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.1 LS_GWJoinReQ_Handler() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.2 LS_EcoJoinReQ_Handler() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.3 LS_EcoHandoffReQ_Handler() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.4 LS_DeliveryRatioRep_Handler() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.5 LS_EcoNearbyInd_Handler() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.3.6 LS_Z2EMessageRouteReQ_Handler() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.7 LS_E2ZMessageRouteReQ_Handler() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.8 LS_HandoffProc_Selection() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3.3.9 LS_Message_Routing() . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
3.4 Implementation issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.1 Delay of Ethernet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.4.2 Update of Location Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Evaluation 65
1 Experimental Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1 Latency of The Handoff Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.1 Scheduling Algorithm Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.1.2 Latency of Each Queue Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.2 Load Balancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.3 Code Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Conclusions and Future Works 73

                                

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