華閩語情緒譬喻之比較研究｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	陳彤曲 Tung-chu Chen
論文名稱：	華閩語情緒譬喻之比較研究 Metaphors of Anger in Taiwan Min and Mandarin
指導教授：	曹逢甫博士 Dr. Feng-fu Tsao
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：
論文出版年：	2004
畢業學年度：	92
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	149
中文關鍵詞：	閩南語、情緒、譬喻、憤怒、民俗理論、文化模型、氣、五行
外文關鍵詞：	Taiwan Min, emotions, metaphor, anger, folk theory, cultural model (folk model), qi, The Five Elements
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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人類情緒概念的結構一直是認知語言學家所探討的話題，Lakoff和Johnson (1980) 認為我們的概念結構是充滿譬喻的。因此本研究首先探討中文基底下的文化模型(cultural model; folk model)對於語言譬喻的影響，其次透過對於台灣華閩語兩方言譬喻的比較研究來探討兩方言人情緒概念的結構。
本研究認為中文和英文對於憤怒的中心譬喻是不同的，Kövecses (1986)認為生氣造成的「體熱」是作為憤怒詞基底下的民俗理論(folk theory)。我們以歷時的角度指出，中文裡憤怒譬喻用法的基底下有兩個文化模型，第一個是「氣引起生理現象」的文化思想影
響了語言中的譬喻用法，造成中文的憤怒詞使用了大量有關「氣」的譬喻用法。第二個文化模型是「五行」思想，「五行」加上「氣」的概念運用在中醫理論，產生了因生氣而使「不順暢的氣生火」的概念。我們搜尋了漢籍的語料發現，憤怒詞的用法是循著「氣」生「火」的概念而產生了「憤怒是火」的譬喻用法。以歷時的角度，「憤怒是氣」是中文最中心的譬喻用法，「憤怒是火」的譬喻則是循著中醫五行思想的路徑而從「氣」衍生出來的，也就是說，這兩個譬喻並不是共時的產物。此外，氣和火被視為體內物的文化模型也影響了語言的使用。於是這三個文化模型影響了現代台灣華閩語兩方言憤怒詞的譬喻用法。
本文的第二個重點是討論氣或火以外的譬喻和換喻，台灣華閩語兩方言基本上是循著Kövecses (1986)認為的文化模組，即生氣時所造成的「生理現象」、「行為反應」被廣泛地用來作為語言中憤怒詞的譬喻用法。
本文的第三個重點是共時語料的呈現，均做了台灣華閩語兩方言的比較研究；兩個方言基底下的模型基本上是共通的，但在實際選擇身體部位、生理現象及行為反應來譬喻憤怒時，仍會有所強調或不同。

This study aims to probe into the conceptual structure of emotions and the underlying cultural models in Taiwan Min and Mandarin. The first part of this thesis investigates the central metaphor of anger in Chinese. Chinese differentiates from English in that the physiological effect, body HEAT (Kövecses 1986), is taken as the underlying folk theory of English anger expressions, whereas ‘qi’ and ‘The Five Elements’ serve as the underlying cultural models (folk models) of anger expressions in Chinese. The folk theory of physiological effects of qi exerts influence on language, which develops a number of anger expressions associated with the lexeme qi. Besides, ‘The Five Elements’ applied to traditional medicine develops a concept where the impediment of qi caused from anger would promote fire. A survey of Chinese
classics shows that the language use follows the path of the development in medical tradition. That is, the metaphor ANGER IS QI which is the central metaphor in Chinese entails the metaphor ANGER IS FIRE. In other words, the sources of these two metaphors do not coexist in the same dynasty. These two cultural models exert great influence on anger expressions in contemporary Taiwan Min and Mandarin.
The second part of this study deals with other metaphors and metonymies in both dialects. It is demonstrated that the folk theories of the physiological effects of anger and the physical responses of anger provide a cognitive base
for the metaphorical use of anger, as proposed by Kövecses (1986).
　We make a comparative study of both dialects throughout the whole thesis. Although Taiwan Min and Mandarin share the same underlying cultural models, different dialects may choose different physiological or physical manifestation
to refer to anger.

Chapter 1　Introduction.......................................1
1.1 Figurative Language and Emotions.....................1
1.2 Motivation...........................................2
1.3 Methodology..........................................4
1.4 Goals................................................5
1.5 Data Collection......................................6
Chapter 2　Theoretical Background.............................9
2.1 Conceptual Metaphor (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, K&ouml;vecses 1986).....................................................9
2.1.1 Two Categories of Conceptual Metaphors..............9
2.1.2 Conceptual Metaphors and Anger.....................10
2.2 Metonymy (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, K&ouml;vecses 1986)...13
2.2.1 Metonymy and Anger................................14
2.3 Conclusion...............................................15
Chapter 3　Review of the Literature......................16
3.1 Studies on Metaphors of Anger in English (K&ouml;vecses 1986, 1990...............................................16
3.2 Studies on Metaphors of Emotions in Mandarin.........22
3.2.1 Shyu (1989)........................................22
3.2.2 Yu (1998)..........................................26
3.2.3 Cheng (1999).......................................32
3.3 Conclusion...............................................37
Chapter 4　The Central Metaphor in Chinese...............41
4.1 Anger is Qi氣........................................42
4.1.1 The Underlying Folk Model of Physiological Effects of Qi氣.....................................................43
4.1.1.1 The Definition of Qi氣...........................43
4.1.1.2 The Diachronic Use of Metaphorical Qi氣 for Anger47
4.1.2 The Underlying Folk Model of Wu-xing五行...........51
4.1.2.1 The Evolution of Wu-xing五行.....................51
4.1.2.2 The Relationship between Qi 氣 and Huo火.........56
4.1.2.3 The Diachronic Use of Metaphorical Huo火 for Anger............58
4.2 Compounds Indicating Anger Related to Qi氣...........65
4.3 Conclusion...............................................72
Chapter 5　Synchronic Distributions of Two versions of Anger.74
5.1. Anger is Qi氣.......................................74
5.1.1 Anger is an Entity Carried with Oneself............79
5.1.2 Anger is Huo-qi火氣................................80
5.2 Anger is Fire........................................81
5.3 Conclusion...............................................83
Chapter 6　Container Metaphor............................85
6.1 Container Metaphor for Qi氣..........................86
6.2 Two Versions of Anger in Containers..................89
6.3 A System of Metaphorical Entailments of Anger in a Container................................................91
6.4 Body Parts as Containers for Anger...................97
6.5 Comparison between TM and Mandarin..................101
6.6 Conclusion..........................................103
Chapter 7　Other Metaphors..............................106
7.1 Anger is Insanity...................................107
7.2 Anger is the Application to Spiritual Beings........108
7.3 Anger is a Dangerous Animal.........................109
7.4 Anger is a Sudden Outburst of an Intensive Energy in Nature..................................................111
7.5 Conclusion..........................................112
Chapter 8　Metonymy of Anger Expressions in Taiwan Min and Mandarin................................................114
8.1 Physiological Effects Stand for Anger...............114
8.1.1 Internal Pressure Stands for Anger................115
8.1.2 Change in Skin Color in Face Stands for Anger.....117
8.1.3 Physiological Agitation Stands for Anger..........119
8.1.4 Bristle of Hair Stands for Anger..................120
8.2 Behavior Responses Stands for Anger.................121
8.2.1 Violent Frustrated Behavior Stands for Anger......121
8.2.2 Aggressive Facial Expression Stands for Anger.....124
8.2.3 Aggressive Verbal Behavior Stands for Anger.......131
8.3 The Cause of Anger Stands for Anger.................132
8.4 Conclusion..........................................135
Chapter 9　Conclusion...................................138
9.1 The Central Metaphor and Cultural Models in Chines..138
9.2 Universal Models Underlying Other Metaphors and Metonymies..............................................141
9.3 Physiological and Physical Aspects TM and Mandarin Highlight...............................................142
REFERENCES..............................................144
REFERENCES IN CHINESE...................................148
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1.　Some opposites and binary properties of yin and yang……………………………………………………………………29
Table 3.2.　Five categories based on the five elements………………………………………………………………30
Table 4.1.　Five categories based on the five elements………………………………………………………………55
Table 6.1.　Body parts employed as containers for Qi氣/AIR and FIR ………………………………………………………………102
Table 8.1.　Body parts suffering from internal pressure used to stand for anger …………………………………………117
Table 8.2.　Colors of face used to indicate anger ………119
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1.　The historical development of different senses of qi氣…………………………………………………………………50
Figure 4.2.　The historical development of different senses of huo火 ………………………………………………………………62
Figure 4.3.　The sources of the metaphorical qi氣and huo火 for anger………………………………………………………………63
Figure 4.4.　Mapping between the folk model of qi氣and huo火 and two stages of language use………………………………64
Figure 4.5.　The sources of compounds related to metaphorical qi氣 for anger………………………………………71
Figure 5.1.　The source of氣 ‘air’ in common metaphorical expressions……………………………………………………………78
Figure 6.1.　The application of the CONTAINER metaphor in English…………………………………………………………………90
Figure 6.2.　Shyu’s application of the CONTAINER metaphor in Mandarin……………………………………………………………90
Figure 6.3.　The application of the CONTAINER metaphor in Chinese folk models in the present study ……………………90
Figure 8.1.　The physiological effects and physical responses used to stand for anger ……………………………135
Figure 9.1.　The entailment relationships of the central metaphor in English folk model…………………………………140
Figure 9.2.　The Chinese folk models and the entailment relationships of the central metaphor ………………………140

                                

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