目的：探討血管張力素轉化酶(angiotensin-converting enzyme，ACE)
及α-輔肌動蛋白(α-actinin-3，ACTN3)基因對跆拳道訓練後基本技能
與體適能之影響。方法：研究對象為新竹員崠國小三年級至六年級全體
學生，經體適能及跆拳道基本技能測驗篩選後，分為跆拳道選手組（男
性55人、女性30人），及非跆拳道選手組（男性51人、女性62人），
經過十五週跆拳道專項運動訓練後，收集口腔黏膜細胞，基因型以聚合
酶鏈鎖反應-限制酶片段長度多形性 (PCR-RFLP) 技術分析。結果：在
ACTN3 R577X基因型與體適能、跆拳道基本技能，跆拳道選手577RR基
因型在20秒快速踢靶速度爆發能力均顯著(p＜.05)優於XX基因型；但
在心肺有氧耐力、柔軟度、爆發能力及前後測進步幅度部份均無差異；
非跆拳道選手的前後測進步幅度也均是577RR基因型比較好。但是有趣
的是，20秒快速踢靶與30秒仰臥起坐的速度爆發能力，577RR基因型
與其他基因型比較均是比較差。ACE I/D基因型與體適能、跆拳道基本
技能相關性，男性跆拳道選手ACE II基因型有較好的20秒快速踢靶與
水平三次跳能力，女性跆拳道選手都沒有此現象；非跆拳道選手ACE II
基因型在立定跳遠與八百公尺跑走有較好的成績。結論：在跆拳道基因
選材，能以測量速度爆發能力的20秒快速踢靶及30秒仰臥起坐，與測
量肌力爆發能力的水平三次跳為主軸，搭配ACTN3 577RR及ACE II基
因型會有較佳的成績表現。

PURPOSE: To examine the role of ACTN3 R577X and ACE
polymorphism on basic skill and health-related fitness in rsponse of
Taekwondo (TKD) training. METHODS: Subjects are students of three
to six grade at Hsinchu County Yuandong elementary School after screen via fitness and TKD skill exercise testing, subjects were classified into TKD (55 males and 30 females) and control group (51 males and 62 females). The genotype of ACTN3 and ACE genes were determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP ) after 15 weeks TKD skill exercise training. RESULTS: The students of TKD group displayed a significant faster frequency at 20 second target-kick in RR genotype compared with XX genotype. In contrast, the students of control group in RR genotype had lowest frequency at 20 second target-kick and 30 second sit-up than RX and XX groups. In ACE gene, the male students with ACE II genotype in TKD group had a good 20 second target-kick and 3
horizontal jump, but the female had not this phenomenon. However, the students with ACE II genotype in control group had a good standing long jump and 800 race performance.CONCLUSION: The association
between ACTN3 and ACE genotypes and phenotype performance in response after 15 weeks TKD skill training were positively observed. The subjects with ACTN3 RR and ACE II genotype had better performance in 20 second target-kick, 30 second sit-up and 3 horizontal jump.

中文部分
方瑞民(1982)。如何發掘富有潛能之優秀運動員。國民體育季刊，52， 3-14。
方進隆(1997）。有氧運動。教師體適能指導手冊。台北：教育部。
方進隆(1994）。體適能與全人健康。中華體育，9(3），62-69。
方進隆(1993）。體適能之理論與實務。台北：漢文出版社。
中華民國跆拳道協會(2005)。(http://www.taekwondocom.tw/rocata.htn 2005年9月10日)。
中華民國跆拳道協會(2006)。競賽規則與解釋說明。台北：中華民國跆拳道協會。
王敏男(2003）。體適能教學。台北：五南出版社。
王阿說(2002）。屏東縣一般兒童與原住民學童體適能之比較研究。未出版碩士論文，國立屏東教育大學，屏東縣。
呂香珠(1999）。健康體能理論與實務。教育部八十八年度提升學生體能計畫研究會。教育部。51-55。
李仁德(1999)。體育法令彙編(二)。台北：一品文化。
林正常、方進隆(1995)。教育部中等以上學校運動成績優良學生升學輔導辦法。台北市：國立台灣師範大學學校體育研究發展中心。
林正常(2003)。運動訓練法。台北。藝軒出版社。300-309。
林正常(1997）。體適能的理論基礎。載於方進隆（主編），教師體適能指導手冊(46-59）。台北市：教育部體育司。
林貴福、盧淑雲(2003)。健康與體育課程理論與活動設計。台北：冠學文化。
林貴福(2000）。國小體育科教材教法。台北：師大書苑。
林貴福(1998）。國小體體育實務。台北：心理出版。
周資眾(1997)。運動員的科學選才與育才。國民體育季刊，26(4)， 105-114。
周資眾(2003)。德爾慧法應用於桌球運動員選才之研究。未出版碩士論 文，台灣師範大學，台北市。
邱麗玲、謝玲玲、顏克典、謝伸裕(2007)。ACTN3與ACE基因多形性與優秀爆發型運動選手的相關性。體育學報，40(4)，1-12。
邱麗玲(2008）。優秀運動員選拔之生物標誌。未出版博士論文，長庚大學生物醫學研究所博士生，桃園縣。
卓俊辰(1986)。從生理學觀點談運動科學在發掘有潛能選手上的應用。國民體育季刊，70，53-60。
卓俊辰編譯(1998）。體適能：健身運動處方的理論與實務。台北：國立台灣師範大學體育學會編印。
洪谷松(2005）。競技運動：認識跆拳道及淺說。
洪維振(2003）。運動介入對國小肥胖兒童體適能之影響。未出版碩士論文，台北市立體育學院運動科學研究所，台北市。
洪榮聰、相子元(2004)。跆拳道晉段擊破測驗器材與力量之研究。大專體育學刊，6(1)，225-234。
姚東生(1994)。女子跆拳道運動能力測驗項目之編制研究。華夏學報， 28，10993-11028。
馬波(2006)。跆拳道發展對中國武術的啟示。體育成人教育學刊，22 (1)，23-24。
許樹淵(1991)。田徑論。台北:偉彬體育研究社。
教育部體育司(1999)。培育原住民學生田徑人才選、訓、賽五年計畫。台北：教育部。
教育部體育司(2004)。國小學童體適能學習手冊。台北:教育部。
張力為(1997)。運動員心理選才的邏輯基礎。體育科學，17(2)，81-85。
陳全壽(1998)。科學如何為競技運動服務。大專體育，39，14-16。
陳全壽(1999)。運動教練科學之現況與未來。1999國際大專運動教練科學研討會論文集，39，14-16。
陳俊忠(1993)。運動訓練與運動科學。1993年區運會學術研討會專刊，15-23。
陳懷民、張子雄(2007)。借鑒跆拳道的發展道路發展中華民族傳統體育。重慶科技學院學報，1，151-152。
曾凡輝(1992)。運動員科學選才。北京：人民體育出版社。
黃秀蘭(2004)。我國跆拳道選手上端攻擊得分之研究。未出版碩士論文，國立台灣體育學院，台中市。
葉憲清(2003)。運動訓練法。台北：師大書苑。
趙麗雲(1999)。中華民國體育白皮書。台北：行政院體育委員會。
趙振(2007)。跆拳道運動的高原訓練初探。長治學報，24(2)75-78。

英文部分
AAHPERD(1980). Health Related Physical Fitness. Washington. D.C., National Education Association.
American College of Sport Medicine(2000): ACSM’s Guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th ed). Media, PA: Williams &Wilkins.
Alvarez, R., J. R. Reguero, A. Batalla, G. Iglesias-Cubero, A. Cortina, V. Alvarez, & E. Coto. (1998). Angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II receptor 1 polymorphisms: association with early coronary disease. Cardiovascular Research. 40, 375-379.
Bosco, C., Tihanyi, J., & Viru, A. (1986). Relationships between fitness test and basal serum testosterone and cortisol levels in soccer players.Clinical Physiology, 16(3), 317-322.
Bouchard, C., Chagnon, M. C., Thibault, M. R., Boulay, M. M., ＆ Simoneau, J. A. (1989). Muscle genetic variants and relationship with performance and trainability. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 21(1), 71-77.
Chiu, L. L., Hsieh, L. L., Hsieh, S. S. (2005). Ace I/D and Actn3 R577X polymorphism in elite athletes. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, supple, 37(5), S167.
Chuang, L. M., Chiu, K. C., Chiang, F. T., Lee, K. C., Wu, H. P., Lin, B. J., & Tai, T. Y. (1997). Insertion/deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene in patients with hypertension, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and coronary heart disease in Taiwan. Metabolism. 46 , 1211-1214.
Clarkson, P. M., Devaney, J. M., Gordish-Dressman, H. (2005). ACTN3 genotype is associated with increases in muscle strength in response to resistance training in women. Journal of Applied Physiology. 99, 154-163.
Corbin, C.B(1991). Concepts of physical fitness Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown. Gayagay, G. (1998). Elite endurance athletes and the ACE I allele – the role of genes in athletic performance. Humanal Genetics, 103, 48-50.
Hastad, D. N.,& Lacy, A. C. (1989). Measurement and evaluation. Strategies, 2(3), 21-24.
Hsieh, L. L., Liou, S. H., Chen, Y. H., Tsai, L. C., Yang, T. & Wu, T. N. (2000). Association between aminolevulinate dehydrogenase genotype and blood lead levels in Taiwan. Journal of Occuppied Environment Medicine 42, 151-155.
Hsieh, S. S., Chiu, L. L., Hsieh, L. L. (2005). Ace I/D and Actn3 R577X polymorphism in elite swimmers. Medicine &Science in Sports & Exercise, supple, 37(5), S166.
Jenkins, R. R., (1988). Free radical chemistry: relationship to exercise. Sports Medicine, 5, 156-170.
Karjalainen, J. (1999). Angiotensinogen gene M235T polymorphism predicts left ventricular hypertrophy in endurance athletes. Journal of the American College Cardiology, 34, 494-499.
Lucia, A., Gómez-Gallego, F., Santiago, C., Bandrés, F., Earnest, G., Rabadán, P., et al. (2006). ACTN3 genotype in professional endurance cyclists. Internal Journal of Sports Medicine, 27, 880–884.
Lucia, A., Oliván, J., Gómez-Gallego, F., Santiago, C., Montil, M., Foster, C. (2007). Citius and longius (faster and longer) with no alpha-actinin-3 in skeletal muscles. BritishJournal of Sports Medicine, 41(9), 616 .
Moran, C. N., Yang, N., Bailey, M. E. S., Tsiokanos, A., Jamurtas, A., MacArthur, D. G., et al. (2007). Association analysis of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and complex quantitative body composition and performance phenotype in adolescent Greeks. E uropean Journal of Human Genetics, 15, 88-93.
Mills, M. A., Weinberger, R. P., Woude, V., Beggs, A. H., Easteal, S., ＆ North, K. N. (2001). Differential expression of the action-binding proteins, α-actinin-2 and-3, in different species: implications for the evolution of functional redundancy. Hunan Molecular Genetics, 10 (13), 1335-1346.
Montgomery, H. E., Marshall, R., Hemingway, H., Myerson, S., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C. M., et al. (1998). Human gene for physical performance. Nature, 393, 221-222.
Montgomery, H. E., Clarkson, P., Barnard, M., Bell, J., Brynes, A., Dollery, C. M., et al. (1999). Angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene insertion/deletion polymorphism and response to physical training. Lancet, 353, 541-545.
Montgomery, H. E., Clarkson, P., Dollery, C. M., Prasad, K., Losi, M. A., Hemingway, H., et al. (1997). Association of angiotensin-converting enzyme gene ID polymorphism with change in left ventricular mass in response to physical training. Circulation, 96, 741-747.
Moran, C. N., Yang, N., Bailey, M. E. S., Tsiokanos, A., Jamurtas, A., MacArthur, D. G., et al. (2007). Association analysis of the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and complex quantitative body composition and performance phenotype in adolescent Greeks. European Journal of Human Genetics. 15, 88-93.
Myerson, S., Hemingway, H., Budget, R., Martin, J., Humphries, S., ＆Montgomery, H. (1999). Human angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene and endurance performance. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87, 1313-1316.
Niemi, A. K., Majamaa, K. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA and ACTN3 genotypes in Finnish elite endurance and sprint athletes. European Journal Human Genetic, 13, 965–969.
North, K. N. & Beggs, A. H. (1996).Deficiency of a skeletal muscle isoform of α-actinin (α-actinin–3) in merosin-positive congenital musculardystroy. Neuromuscience Disorder, 6, 229-235.
North, K. N., Yang, N., Wattanasirichaigoon, D., Mills, M., Easteal, S., ＆ Beggs, A. H. (1999). A common nonsense mutation results in α-actinin–3 deficiency in the general population. Nature Genetics, 21, 353-354.
Papadimitriou, D. C., Papadopoulos, A. Kouvatsi, C. & Triantaphyllidis, C. (2008). The ACTN3 gene in elite greek track and field athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(4), 352-5.
Paparini, A., Ripani, M., Giordano, G. D., Santoni, D., Pigozzi, F., Romano-Spica, V. (2007). ACTN3 genotyping by real-time PCR in the Italian population and athletes.Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(5), 810-5.
Rankinen, T. (2000). No association between the angiotensin-converting enzyme ID polymorphism and elite endurance athlete status. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 1571-1575.
Rankinen, T., Perusse, L., Borecki, I., Chagnon, Y. C., Gagnon, J., Leon, A. S., et al. (2000). The Na＋-K＋ATPase α-2 gene and trainability of cardiorespiratory endurance: the HERITAGE Family Study. Journal of Applied Physiology, 88, 346-351.
Rankinen, T., Perusse, L., Rauramaa, M. A.,＆Bouchard, C. (2001). The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2001 update. Medicine& Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(8), 1219-1233.
Rankinen,T., Bray, M. S., Hagberg, J. M., Pérusse, L., Roth, S. M., Wolfarth, B., et al. (2006). The Human Gene Map for Performance and Health-Related Fitness Phenotypes: The 2005 Update. Medcine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 38(11), 1863-1888.
Rivera, M. A., Dionne, F. T., Simoneau, J. A., Perusse, L., Chagnon, M., Chagnon, Y., et al. (1997). Muscle-specific creatine kinase gene polymorphism and Vo2max in the HERITAGE Family Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(10), 1311-1317.
Rivera, M. A., Dionne, F. T., Wolfarth, B., Chagnon, M., Simoneau, J. A., Perusse, L., et al. (1997). Muscle-specific creatine kinase gene polymorphisms in elite endurance athletes and sedentary control. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 29(11), 1444-1447.
Rivera, M. A., Wolfarth, B., Dionne, F. T.,Chagnon, M., Simoneau, J. A., Perusse, L., et al. (1998). Three mitochondrial DNA restriction polymorphism in elite endurance athletes and sedentary controls. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 30(5), 687-690.
Rivera, M. A., Perusse, L., Simoneau, J. A., Gagnon, J., Dionne, F. T., Leon, A. S., et al. (1999). Linkage between a muscle-specific CK gene marker and Vo2max in the HERITAGE Family Study. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(5), 698-701.
Roth, S. M., Walsh, S., Liu, D., Metter, E. J., Ferrucci, L., Hurley, B. F. (2008). The ACTN3 R577X nonsense allele is under-represented in elite-level strength athletes. European Journal of Human Genetics , 16(3), 391-4.
Santiago, C., González-Freire, M., Serratosa, L., Morate, F. J., Meyer, T. & Gómez-Gallego, F., et al. (2008). ACTN3 genotype in professional soccer players. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 71.
Saunders, C. J., September, A. V., Xenophontos, S. L., Cariolou, M. A., Anastassiades, L. C., Noakes, T. D., et al. (2007).No association of the ACTN3 gene R577X polymorphism with endurance performance in Ironman Triathlons. Annals of Human Genetics, 71(6), 777-81.
Sen, C.K. (1995). Oxidant and antioxidant in exercise. Journal of AppliedPhysiology, 79(3), 675-686.
Staessen, J. A., Wang, J. G., Ginocchio, G., Petrov, V., Saavedra, A. P., Soubrier, F., et al. (1997). The deletion/insertion polymorphism of the converting-enzyme and cardiovascular-renal risk. Journal of Hypertension. 15, 1579-1592.
Taylor, R. (1999). Elite athlete and the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme. Journal of Applied Physiology, 87, 1035-1037.
Woods, D. R., Humphries, S. E., & Montgomery, H. E. (2000). The ACE I/D polymorphism and human physical performance. Trends in Endocrinology and Metablism, 11(10), 416-420.
Wolfarth, B., Rivera, M. A.,Oppert, J. M., Boulay, M. R., Dionne, F. T., Chagnon, M., et al. (2000). A polymorphism in the alpha2a- adrenoceptor gene and endurance athlete status. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32(10), 1709-1712.
Yang, N., Macarthur, D. G., Gulbin, J. P., Hahn, A. G., Beggs, A. H., Easteal, S. et al. (2003). ACTN3 genotype is associated with human elite athletic performance. The American Journal of Human Genetics , 73, 627-631.
Yang, N., MacArthur, D., Wolde, B., Onywera, V. O., Boit, M. K., Wilson, R. H., et al. (2005). ACTN3 genotype is not associated with elite endurance athlete status in Ethiopians and Kenyans. Medicine & Science & Sports Exercise. 37 (Suppl), S472.
Zanoteli, E., Lotuffo, R. M., Oliver, A. S. B., Beggs, A. H., Canovas, M.,. Zatz, M., et al. (2003). Deficiency of muscle α-actinin–3 is compatible with high muscle performance. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience. 20, 39-42.