TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………Ⅲ LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………Ⅳ 1.INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………1 1.1Motivation ………………………………………………………1 1.2Research Purpose and Schema ………………………………………………………2 2.LETERATURE REVIEW ………………………………………………………4 2.1 The Major Cause of Driving Accidents and the Importance of AVCSS ………………………………………………………4 2.2 The Introduction of Advanced Driving Assistance System ………………………………………………………6 2.3 The Introduction of Advanced Driving Support Systems Sensors ………………………………………………………9 2.4 Collision Warning Modalities on Driver’s Performance ………………………………………………………13 2.4.1 Audio Warning Contents ………………………………………………………14 2.4.2 Visual Warning Contents ………………………………………………………15 2.4.3 Behavioral Implications and Design Ideas of Collision Warning Systems ………………………………………………………19 2.5 Driving Mode Analysis ………………………………………………………22 2.5.1 Vehicle-Related Driving Behaviors ………………………………………………………22 2.5.2 Driving Skills and Attitudes ………………………………………………………24 2.5.3 Control Input Stereotypes ………………………………………………………26 2.6 Virtual Reality ………………………………………………………28 3. PLAN OF TEST METHOD ………………………………………………………29 3.1 Methodology ………………………………………………………29 3.2 Test Environment ………………………………………………………30 3.3 Participants and Experiment Design ………………………………………………………33 3.4 Experiment Variables ………………………………………………………34 3.4.1 Independent Variables ………………………………………………………34 3.4.2 Dependent Variables ………………………………………………………40 3.5 Experiment Procedure ………………………………………………………40 4. THE RESULTS ………………………………………………………42 4.1 The Number of collisions ………………………………………………………42 4.2 Task Completion Time in the Portion of Trip Duration ………………………………………………………46 4.3 The Analysis of Subjective Questionnaire ………………………………………………………52 5. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………55 5.1 Graded Warning Modalities ………………………………………………………55 5.2 The Different View of Driving ………………………………………………………55 5.3 Driving Conditions ………………………………………………………56 5.4 Limitations ………………………………………………………57 5.5 Contribution ………………………………………………………57 5.6 Further Research Directions ………………………………………………………58 References ………………………………………………………59 APPENDIX A ………………………………………………………62 APPENDIX B ………………………………………………………66 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Research Schema ………………………………………………………3 Figure 2-1 Main factors of traffic accidents ………………………………………………………4 Figure 2-2 Benz motor company exhibited their lateral control devices on the driving simulator in September 2002 ………………………………………………………8 Figure 2-3 Some examples of different driving views ………………………………………………………9 Figure 2-4 Sensor information processing ………………………………………………………11 Figure2-5 Object detection, object tracking and object classification on a sequence of 1000 frames under various lighting conditions, different relative velocities and a large range of distances ………………………………………………………11 Figure 2-6 The processing of the three dimensional image data ………………………………………………………12 Figure 2-7 An aerial photograph of part of the University of Central Florida’s campus where the system was tested ………………………………………………………14 Figure2-8 An aerial view of the construction site ………………………………………………………14 Figure 2-9 Rear-end collision warnings ………………………………………………………15 Figure 2-10 The selection of the information display (LCD) ………………………………………………………16 Figure 2-11 The principle of displaying the HUD image ………………………………………………………17 Figure 2-12 HUD messages and graphics ………………………………………………………17 Figure 2-13 HUD for digital speedometer ………………………………………………………17 Figure 2-14 Locations of HUD ………………………………………………………18 Figure 2-15 F1 racing cars equipped HUD for racing routes ………………………………………………………18 Figure 2-16 Driving assistance system ………………………………………………………19 Figure 2-17 Drivers’information processing ………………………………………………………23 Figure 3-1 The main experiment equipments ………………………………………………………30 Figure 3-2 Test environment and equipments layout ………………………………………………………32 Figure 3-3 Visual warnings: simple warning versus graded warnings ………………………………………………………35 Figure 3-4 The design of graded warning system ………………………………………………………36 Figure 3-5 Visual enhancement device ………………………………………………………36 Figure 3-6 Simple driving condition ………………………………………………………38 Figure 3-7 Complex driving condition ………………………………………………………39 Figure 4-1 the correlation between the number of hit and the task completion time in the portion of trip duration ………………………………………………………52 Figure 4-2 The subjective feeling of nervous level in the experiment ………………………………………………………53 Figure 4-3 The subjective feeling of fatigue level in the experiment ………………………………………………………53 Figure 4-4 The difficult level of driving task in the experiment ………………………………………………………53 Figure 4-5 The subjective feeling of the effectiveness of driving assistant among different experiment groups ………………………………………………………54 LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Causes of traffic accidents in Taiwan ………………………………………………………5 Table 2.2 Services of AVCSS in ITS ………………………………………………………6 Table 3-1 The scale comparison of real world and virtual world ………………………………………………………31 Table 3-2 Experiment layout ………………………………………………………33 Table 4-1 Descriptive statistic of the number of collisions in each driving condition ………………………………………………………43 Table 4-2 The ANOVA of the number of collisions ………………………………………………………43 Table 4-3 Estimated marginal means of the warning modality ………………………………………………………44 Table 4-4 The multiple comparisons of different combinations of driving assistants in simple driving condition ………………………………………………………45 Table 4-5 The multiple comparisons of different combinations of driving assistants in complex driving condition ………………………………………………………46 Table 4-6 Descriptive statistic of the task completion time in the portion of trip duration in each driving condition ………………………………………………………47 Table 4-7 The ANOVA of the task completion time in the portion of trip duration ………………………………………………………48 Table 4-8 Estimated marginal means of different driving conditions ………………………………………………………48 Table 4-9 The multiple comparisons of different combinations of driving assistants in simple driving condition ………………………………………………………50 Table 4-10 The multiple comparisons of different combinations of driving assistants in complex driving condition ………………………………………………………51 Table 4-11 The correlations between two dependent variables ………………………………………………………52