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研究生： 許卓傑
Hsu, Cho-Chieh
論文名稱： 論虛擬實境與混合實境之著作權法制－以美國法為中心
Copyright Law in Virtual Reality and Mixed Reality: From the Perspective of U.S. Law
指導教授： 范建得
Fan, Chien-Te
口試委員: 熊誦梅
Hsiung, Sung-Mei
楊千旻
Yang, Chien-Min
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 科技管理學院 - 科技法律研究所
Institute of Law for Science and Technology
論文出版年： 2018
畢業學年度： 106
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 118
中文關鍵詞： 虛擬實境 、擴增實境 、混合實境 、電腦程式 、著作權 、思想與表達區分原則
外文關鍵詞： Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Mixed Reality, Computer Program, Copyright, Idea-Expression Dichotomy
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    • 近年來，虛擬實境、擴增實境及混合實境之技術提升，運行實境所需之軟、硬體亦隨之普及。於此背景，此些實境將成為人類表達創意與想法之新興媒介。然而，實境作為表現媒介之有效性將取決於其中數位內容受到之法律保護，若保護的範圍或強度不足，則可能缺少足夠之誘因來刺激實境中之創作。基於如此關切，本論文即檢驗在現行著作權法制下，實境中之數位內容係受到如何之法律保護，而鑑於我國相關立法、司法實務及研究稀缺，本論文即以美國之著作權法制及學者研究作為研究、參考對象。
    架構上，本論文先介紹虛擬實境之技術與應用實例，再審視美國著作權法於虛擬實境之適用情形。接著，本論文闡明混合實境之內涵與技術特徵，並點出其對著作權法將帶來之挑戰。至於擴增實境，因其與混合實境在技術上、引發之法律議題上具有相似性，相關討論將併入混合實境章節及結論之中。
    本論文發現，虛擬實境之物件與環境皆可能受到著作權法保護，惟實際保護範圍須以各別虛擬實境之思想與表達區分結果為準，而在本論文介紹之虛擬實境中，模擬現實者將受到較弱之著作權法保護。本論文亦發現，混合實境中應受保護之表達為現實與虛擬之混合，此情形將引起與虛擬實境不同之權利歸屬及可能侵權之議題。

    In recent years, virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR) have become readily accessible to the public. These alternative realities provide people with brand new ways to develop and communicate their ideas. In VR, developers can narrate stories by immersing users in a completely virtual world; in AR, with the digital objects overlaid on top of the physical world, users can gain extra information which is not physically existing; in MR, what is virtual can closely interact with what is real, and people can combine the two to express thoughts creatively.
    Against this backdrop, however, a wide range of legal issues arises. Among them, how the law will protect the digital content in these realities is of major significance. In this article, the author thus examines the scope and strength of copyright protection for reality software, analyzing the copyrightability of its codes, displays, sounds, and different ways in which users can interact with reality environment. Furthermore, the author explores distinctive copyright issues of and within these realities, including how the idea-expression dichotomy may apply to VR programs, whether users’ participation will affect the originality of audiovisual aspects of these realities, and how user creation within VR and MR will be treated under terms of service between users and reality platform. Lastly, the author identifies challenges to which MR might pose current copyright law regime.

    第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機與目的 1 第二節 研究方法及本文架構 2 第二章 虛擬實境技術 5 第一節 定義 5 第二節 發展歷程 9 第三節 所需之硬體與軟體－以Oculus Rift為例 11 第一項 頭戴式顯示器 14 第二項 位置及動作追蹤硬體 15 第三項 輸入設備 16 第四項 軟體 17 第四節 應用實例 20 第一項 虛擬桌面 21 第二項 教學及訓練 23 第三項 健康照護及治療 25 第三章 著作權法於虛擬實境之適用 29 第一節 虛擬實境與智慧財產權法 29 第二節 著作權法基本理論 31 第一項 立法目的與保護要件 31 第二項 思想與表達區分原則 34 第三項 文義侵權及非文義侵權 36 第三節 電腦程式著作權 38 第一項 美國著作物新技術使用國家委員會（CONTU）報告 38 第二項 電腦程式之文義侵權 40 第三項 電腦程式之非文義侵權 42 第一款 程式之結構、次序及組織 42 第二款 程式之視聽顯示與使用者介面 48 第一目 視聽顯示 50 第二目 使用者介面 52 第四項 電玩遊戲著作權 55 第一款 高互動性引發之質疑 55 第二款 電玩遊戲之思想與表達區分 59 第四節 美國著作權法於虛擬實境之適用 65 第一項 著作權法對虛擬實境之保護 65 第一款 虛擬實境之可受保護標的 66 第二款 虛擬實境實例之著作權檢視 69 第二項 虛擬實境特有之著作權法議題 73 第一款 模擬現實之虛擬實境可能不受保護 73 第二款 虛擬實境中之使用者創作 74 第一目 著作權法對使用者創作之保護 74 第二目 使用者創作對第三人之可能侵害 79 第四章 混合實境與著作權法 83 第一節 混合實境之定義及與擴增實境之區分 83 第二節 混合實境之發展、技術及設備 85 第三節 混合實境應用簡介 91 第四節 混合實境對著作權法之挑戰 93 第五章 結論 97 參考文獻 103

    中文文獻
    （一）專書
    1. 陳家駿（1993）。電腦程式著作權專題研究。台北：內政部著作權委員會。
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    （二）專書之篇章
    1. 謝銘洋（2014）。〈我國著作權法中「創作」概念相關判決之研究〉，收於：劉孔中（編），《國際比較下我國著作權法之總檢討（上冊）》，頁57-90。台北：中央研究院法律學研究所。
    （三）學位論文
    1. 陳炳忠（2009），《著作權法對「虛擬實境」技術應用之規範》，國立清華大學碩士論文（未出版），新竹。
    2. 蔡璧徽（2013），《虛擬與現實之間的著作權議題-以美國法為比較中心》，國立清華大學碩士論文（未出版），新竹。

    （四）網站
    1. 北美智權網站。霍夫曼的黃色小鴨當然有著作權！。取自http://www.naipo.com/Portals/1/web_tw/Knowledge_Center/Industry_Economy/publish-173.htm（最後瀏覽日：07/01/2018）。
    2. 經濟部智慧財產。美國著作權法。取自https://www.tipo.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=332837&ctNode=7015&mp=1（最後瀏覽日：04/05/2018）。
    外文文獻
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    （三）期刊論文
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    （四）網站
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    26. Steve Dent, Researchers are using VR to make dentist visits less painful, ENGADGET (June 15, 2017), https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/15/virtual-reality-reduces-dental-pain/.
    27. Tom Warren, Microsoft’s HoloLens developer kits available on March 30th for $3,000, THE VERGE (Feb. 29, 2016, 9:00 AM), https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/29/11132138/microsoft-hololens- development-edition-release-date-features.

    28. Tommy Palladino, Price, Pre-Order & Ship Date for Magic Leap One Creator Edition, NEXT REALITY (Feb. 14, 2018 11:27 PM), https://magic- leap.reality.news/news/price-pre-order-ship-date-for-magic-leap-one-creator-edition-0181766/.
    29. Ved Pitre, Top 7 Business Collaboration Conference Apps in Virtual Reality (VR), VU DREAM (Dec. 7, 2017), http://www.vudream.com/top-7-business-conference-apps-virtual-reality-vr/.
    30. VR? AR? MR? Sorry, I’m confused., FOUNDRY, https://www.foundry.com/industries/virtual-reality/vr-mr-ar-confused (last visited June 6, 2018).
    31. What is a hologram?, MICROSOFT (Mar. 21, 2018), https://docs.microsoft.com/en- us/windows/mixed-reality/hologram.

    32. What's a Universal Windows Platform (UWP) app?, MICROSOFT (May 7, 2018), https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/uwp/get-started/universal-application-platform-guide.

    33. Will Greenwald, The Best VR (Virtual Reality) Headsets of 2018, PCMAG (May 30, 2018, 11:32 AM), https://www.pcmag.com/article/342537/the-best-virtual-reality-vr-headsets.
    （六）法院判決
    1. Apple Computer, Inc. v. Franklin Computer Corp. 714 F.2d 1240 (3d Cir. 1983).
    2. Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 35 F.3d 1435 (9th Cir. 1994).
    3. Atari, Inc. v. Amusement World, Inc., 547 F. Supp. 222 (D. Md. 1981).
    4. Atari, Inc. v. North American Philips Consumer Electronics Corp., 672 F.2d 607 (7th Cir. 1982).
    5. Baker v. Selden, 101 U.S. 99 (1880).
    6. Bridge Publications, Inc. v. Vien, 827 F. Supp. 629 (S.D. Cal. 1993).
    7. Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp., 25 F.Supp.2d 421.
    8. Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corp., 36 F.Supp.2d 191.
    9. Broderbund Software, Inc. v. Unison World, Inc., 648 F. Supp. 1127 (N.D. Cal. 1986).
    10. Computer Associates Intern., Inc. v. Altai, Inc., 775 F. Supp. 544 (E.D.N.Y. 1991).
    11. Computer Associates, International v. Altai, Inc., 982 F.2d 693 (1992).
    12. Data East USA. Inc. v. Epyx Inc., 862 F.2d 204 (9th Cir. 1988).
    13. Digital Communications Associates, Inc. v. Softklone Distributing Corp., 659 F.Supp. 449 (N.D. Ga. 1987).
    14. Feist Publications Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., 499 U.S. 340 (1991).
    15. Gracen v. Bradford Exchange, 698 F.2d 300 (7th Cir. 1983).
    16. Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises, 471 U.S. 539, 562 (1985).
    17. Incredible Technologies, Inc. v. Virtual Technologies, Inc., 400 F.3d 1007 (7th Cir. 2005).
    18. Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland International, Inc., 49 F.3d 807 (1996).
    19. Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland International, Inc., 516 U.S. 233 (1996).
    20. Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Paperback Software Intern., 740 F.Supp. 37 (D. Mass. 1990).
    21. M. Kramer Mfg. Co., Inc. v. Andrews, 783 F.2d 421 (4th Cir. 1986).
    22. MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1993).
    23. Manufacturer’s Technologies, Inc. v. CAMS, Inc., 706 F.Supp. 984 (D. Conn. 1989).
    24. MDY Industries, LLC v. Blizzard Entertainment, Inc., 616 F. Supp. 2d 958 (D. Ariz. 2009).
    25. MDY Industries, LLC v. Blizzard Entertainment, Inc., 629 F.3d 928 (9th Cir. 2010).
    26. Meshwerks, Inc. v. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A. Inc., 528 F.3d 1258 (10th Cir. 2008).
    27. Mitel, Inc. v. IQTel, Inc., 124 F.3d 1366 (10th Cir. 1997).
    28. NEC Corp. v. Intel Corp., 10 U.S.P.Q.2d (BNA) 1177 (N.D. Cal. I989).
    29. Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corporation, 45 F.2d 119, 121, 7 U.S.P.Q. (BNA) 84 (C.C.A. 2d Cir. 1930).
    30. Osment Models, Inc. v. Mike's Train House, Inc., No. 2:09-CV-04189-NKL, 2010 WL 5158251 (W.D. Mo. Nov. 22, 2010).
    31. Plains Cotton Co-op v. Goodpasture Computer Service, Inc., 807 F. 2d 1256, 1262 (5th Cir. 1987).
    32. Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Frena, 839 F. Supp. 1552 (M.D. Fla. 1993).
    33. Softel, Inc. v. Dragon Medical & Scientific Communications, Inc., 118 F.3d 955 (1997).
    34. Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417 (1984).
    35. Stern Electronics, Inc. v. Kaufman, 669 F.2d 852, 855 (2d Cir. 1982).
    36. Whelan Associates, Inc. v. Jaslow Dental Lab, Inc., 797 F.2d 1222 (1986).
    37. Williams Electronics, Inc. v. Artic International, Inc., 685 F.2d 870 (3d Cir. 1982). MAI Systems Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc., 991 F.2d 511 (9th Cir. 1993).
    38. ZeniMax Media, Inc. v. Oculus VR, LLC, 166 F. Supp. 3d 697 (N.D. Tex. 2015).
    （七）專利
    1. Grimes G. (1983). U.S. Patent No. 4,414,537. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    2. Heilig, M. (1962). U.S. Patent No. 3,050,870. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    3. James, K. A., Quick, W. H., August, R. R., & Strahan, V. H. (1983). U.S. Patent No. 4,420,251. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    4. Rossire F. (1966). U.S. Patent No. 3,229,511. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
    （八）外國政府出版物及資料
    1. H. Rep. No. 94-1476, 94th Cong., 2d Sess. 53 (1976).

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