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研究生： 劉彥廷
Liu, Yan-Ting
論文名稱： 透過電漿子增益層優化與鎳/氮化鈦異質結構工程提升一維硫化鎘光觸媒的光催化產氫效率與耐久性
Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Yield and Durability of One-Dimensional CdS Photocatalysts via Plasmonic Layer Optimization and Ni/TiN Heterostructure Engineering
指導教授： 陳力俊
Chen, Lih-Juann
口試委員: 鄭晃忠
Cheng, Huang-Chung
吳文偉
Wu, Wen-Wei
呂明諺
Lu, Ming-Yen
陳智彥
Chen, Chih-Yen
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 工學院 - 材料科學工程學系
Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年： 2025
畢業學年度： 113
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 88
中文關鍵詞： 光催化分解水 、電漿子薄膜工程 、鎳/氮化鈦異質結構 、一維硫化鎘奈米線 、產氫
外文關鍵詞： Photocatalytic water splitting, Plasmonic layer engineering, Ni/TiN heterostructure, 1D CdS nanowire, Hydrogen production
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    • 本研究目的在於開發具有優異光催化性能與耐久度的硫化鎘（CdS）一維光觸媒材料。研究採用兩種優化方法進行。第一種方法著重於調整電漿增益層TiN的厚度，以提升光催化水分解產氫的效率和耐久度，並透過光譜分析來探討增益層作為基層或外層包覆的影響，以及驗證電漿子效應主導產氫表現。第二種方法則深入探討Ni/TiN異質結構對光電和光催化特性的影響，發現不同層序的排列會導致顯著差異。此外，Ni/TiN異質結構展現出協同效應，顯著提升產氫效率與催化活性。此方式確立了電子壽命為關鍵因素，並觀測到還原反應的活化位點，進而提出合理的能帶結構和物理模型，以闡明整體催化反應過程，提供更完整的機制解釋。
    在實驗部分，採用了多種表徵技術，包括紫外-可見光光譜（UV-vis）、光致放光（PL）搭配單光子計數系統（TCSPC）、穿透式電子顯微鏡（TEM）等，以觀測催化反應中的變化與現象，確認光觸媒的結構和形貌。此外，利用X射線光電子能譜（XPS）和紫外光電子能譜（UPS）分析鍵結和電子結構的變化，並結合全內反射超解析顯微技術（TIRF SRM）與氣相層析（GC）氫氣測量系統，以定量產氫量並評估催化性能。
    本研究為硫化鎘在水分解光催化中的長期應用提供了解決方案，並展示了新型電漿子材料氮化鈦（TiN）在能源領域應用的潛力，為相關物理模型、化學機制及機械學習方法的推廣與驗證奠定了基礎。

    This study aims to develop a one-dimensional cadmium sulfide (CdS) photocatalyst material with excellent photocatalytic performance and durability. The research involves two optimization approaches. The first approach focuses on adjusting the thickness of the plasmonic enhancement layer TiN to improve hydrogen production efficiency in photocatalytic water splitting, analyzing the effects of placing the enhancement layer as a base or coating through spectral analyses. It identifies the plasmonic effect as the major factor to influence hydrogen production. The second approach delves into the impact of the Ni/TiN heterostructure on photoelectronic and photocatalytic properties, revealing that variation in layer sequence leads to significant differences. The Ni/TiN heterostructure demonstrates a synergistic effect, notably improving hydrogen production efficiency and durability. It confirms electron lifetime as a critical factor and determines active sites for the reduction reaction, proposing a rational band structure and physical model to elucidate the overall catalytic reaction process, thereby providing a more comprehensive mechanistic explanation. In the experimental part, various characterization techniques are employed to observe changes and phenomena in the catalytic reactions, confirming the structure and morphology of the photocatalyst. The techniques include ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), photoluminescence (PL) with time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) are used to analyze bonding and electronic structure changes. Total internal reflection super-resolution microscopy (TIRF SRM) and a hydrogen measurement analysis system with gas chromatography (GC) are also employed to quantify hydrogen production and evaluate catalytic performance.
    This research provides a solution for the long-term application of CdS as a photocatalyst in water splitting and demonstrates the potential of the novel plasmonic material TiN in the energy field, laying the foundation for the development and validation of related physical models, chemical mechanisms, and machine learning methods.

    Table of Contents Acknowledgements iv 致謝 vii Abstract x 中文摘要 xii Table of Contents xiii Chapter 1 Motivations and Introduction 1 1.0 Motivations 1 1.1 Hydrogen Energy 2 1.2 Background Knowledge 2 1.2.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting (PWS) 2 1.2.2 Plasmonic Materials 3 1.3 Target Materials 5 1.3.1 Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) 5 1.3.2 Titanium Nitride (TiN) 6 1.3.3 Heterojunction of CdS-TiN 9 1.4 Effect of Ni on the CdS 11 1.5 Effect of Ni/TiN on the CdS 12 1.6 Backbone of Research 12 Chapter 2 Experimental Methods and Characterization Techniques 14 2.1 Synthesis and Material Preparation 14 2.1.1 Fabricating Process of CdS Nanowires on TiN Nanolayer (CSN) 14 2.2.2 Fabricating Process of Core-Shell CdS-TiN Nanowires (CT) 14 2.2.3 Fabricating Process of CdS-Ni-TiN (CNT) 15 2.2 Fabrication Techniques 16 2.2.1 Electron Gun Evaporation 16 2.2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) 17 2.3 Characterization Techniques 20 2.3.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) Analysis 20 2.3.2 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Spectroscopy 21 2.3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy Observation (TEM) 22 2.3.4 Ultraviolet-visible (Uv-vis) Spectroscopy 24 2.3.5 Raman Spectroscopy 24 2.3.6 Time-Resolved Photoluminescence (TRPL) Spectroscopy 25 2.3.7 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 27 2.3.8 Scanning Probe Microscopy - AFM mode (SPM-AFM) 28 2.3.9 Probe Station and Semiconductor Characterization Configuration 29 2.3.10 Gas Chromatography (GC) for Hydrogen Production 30 2.3.11 Apparent Quantum Efficiency and Solar to Hydrogen Ratio Calculation 33 2.3.12 Single Molecule Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Super-Resolution Microscopy 34 Chapter 3 TiN Overlayer on CdS - Plasmonic Enhancement and Spectral Analysis 35 3.1 Hydrogen Production & Efficiency Analysis 35 3.2 Materials Characterizations 37 3.2.1 Morphology, Structures, and Compositions 37 3.2.2 Optoelectronic Properties of CSN Configuration 42 3.2.3 Optoelectronic Properties of CT Configuration 43 3.2.4 Electrical Properties Analysis of TiN layer 47 3.3 Surface Plasmonic Electric Field from FDTD Simulations 47 3.4 Mechanisms Discussion 49 Chapter 4 Results & Discussion of Synergistic Effect of TiN/Ni Overlayers on CdS 53 4.1 Hydrogen Production & Efficiency Analysis 53 4.2 Optical Factors from FDTD Simulation 55 4.3 Materials Characterizations 58 4.3.1 Morphology, Structures, and Compositions 58 4.3.2 Spectra for Optoelectronic Properties 61 4.4 Photocatalytic Activity and Active Sites of CdS & CNT 69 4.5 Mechanisms Discussion 71 Chapter 5 Conclusions 75 Chapter 6 Future Prospects 76 References 80 Curriculum Vitae 87

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