本研究主要在探討健康男性從事單次衰竭運動後，體內淋巴細胞、T淋巴細胞亞群、CD4+/CD8+比值、CD56+NK細胞及CD19+B淋巴細胞的變化情形。以15名健康男性為受試者（年齡22.80 ± 0.89歲，身高1.75 ± 0.04公尺，體重67.73±7.79公斤），15位受試者均為安靜休息的控制組 (PR) 及參與跑步運動的實驗組 (PE) 。採集並觀察80% VO2 max跑步運動前0.5小時、運動後0小時、0.5小時、1小時、2小時、24小時、48小時、72小時及120小時各時間點之血液樣本，蒐集淋巴細胞、T淋巴細胞亞群、CD4+/CD8+比值、CD56+NK細胞及CD19+B淋巴細胞之數據，將所得數據資料，以單因子共變數進行分析。
結果發現運動後0.5至2小時，淋巴細胞濃度百分比顯著減少 (p< .05) ；運動後0小時，CD4+T淋巴細胞數量比運動前0.5小時減少許多 (p< .05) 並且與控制組之間有顯著差異存在；CD8+T淋巴細胞數量及CD19+B淋巴細胞數量在運動後的觀察期間與運動前相比較均未達顯著差異；CD56+ NK細胞數量在運動後0小時明顯增加 (p< .05) 及1小時以後出現顯著減少現象 (p< .05) 。CD4+/CD8+比值在運動後0小時出現顯著下降，0.5小時、1小時及120小時出現明顯增加 (p< .05) 。而且CD4+/CD8+比值與CD4+T淋巴細胞之間存有正相關與CD56+NK細胞之間存有負相關。
本研究發現單次衰竭運動後2小時，淋巴細胞會出現明顯抑制現象，並且在運動後24小時，抑制情形會消失，表示此時免疫功能已復原。單次衰竭運動後0.5小時，CD4+T淋巴細胞數量已回升，運動後0.5至2小時，CD4+/CD8+比值及CD56+NK細胞已無顯著差異，顯示80% VO2 max的衰竭運動後2小時之內，淋巴細胞亞群就已還原至基準值，證實單次80% VO2 max衰竭運動並不會對人體健康造成長期的威脅及損傷。

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the lymphocyte, lymphocyte T cell subsets, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, CD56+ NK cell and CD19+ B cell following a bout of exercise in young males. Method: Fifteen healthy young male (age=22.80 ± 0.89 years, ht=1.75 ± 0.04 m, wt=67.73 ± 7.79kg) were in this study. Double blind cross over design was performed. All subjects had accepted two kinds of treatments: (1) rest (PR) (2) exercise (PE). The exhaustive exercise was ran on the treadmill exercise based on individuals’ 80% VO2 max until exhaustion. Blood samples were intravenously collected before, immediately, 0.5, 1, 2, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours after exhaustive exercise. Responses of lymphocyte were measured proportion in the leukocyte; lymphocyte subsets were measured the total numbers of CD4+ T-cell, CD8+ T-cell, CD56+ NK cell and CD19+ B cell in blood and CD4-to-CD8 ratio. The data were assessed by one-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: The findings of this study showed that the proportion of lymphocyte significant decrease from 0.5 to 2 hours after exercise (p< .05). The number of CD4+ T-cell was suppressed below preexercise values immediately after exercise, and there was a significantly difference between RE. There were no significantly difference between CD8+ T-cell and CD19+ B cell with RE after exercise; a significant rise in CD56+ NK cell immediately after exercise and a significant decrease 1 hours after exercise. Runners (PE) presented a decrease in the CD4-to-CD8 ratio (p< .05) immediately after exercise and a rise 0.5, 1, 120 hours after exercise. There was a positive correlation in the CD4+ T-cell and a negative correlation in the CD56+ NK cell with CD4-to-CD8 ratio. The findings of the present study showed that exhaustive exercise reduced the number of CD4+ T-cell, CD4-to-CD8 ratio and increased the number of CD56+ NK-cell immediately after exercise. The data suggest that exhaustive exercise could be increase risk for our health during periods of exhaustive exercise until 24hrs.

一、 中文部份
于善謙、王洪海、朱乃碩、葉容、許秉寧（2001）。免疫學導論。台北市：九州圖書。
甘能斌、劉介仲、曾明郎、莊瑞平（2004）。不同運動強度前後不同時間對白血球及淋巴球的影響。大專體育學刊，6(2)，261-269。
李駿君、王瑞元(2001)。長時間大強度游泳訓練對兒少運動員免疫機能的影響。北京體育大學學報，24(4)，481-484。
李寧川、金其貫、顏軍（2000）。不同方式的力竭運動對大鼠細胞免疫機能的影響。廣州體育學院學報，20(2)，47-50。
吳慧君、黃奕仁、譚彥（2003）。24小時超級馬拉松對跑者血球變化及鐵代謝之影響，體育學報，34，1-11。
林明泉（1999）。臨床血清免疫學(二版)。台北市，藝軒圖書出版社。
徐台閣（1998）。高強度耐力運動訓練對免疫功能的影響。未出版博士論文，國立台灣師範大學體育研究所，臺北市。
黃森芳、陳國源（2002）。十公里跑步對大學男生周邊血液中免疫細胞數量之影響。大專體育學刊，4(2)，165-177。
黃森芳（2003）。42.2公里馬拉松跑步對大學男生周邊血液中免疫細胞數量的影響。台東大學體育學報，1，39-59。
黃森芳（2004）。長時間運動對大學男生周邊血液中B淋巴細胞數量與B淋巴細胞增殖功能之影響。大專體育學刊，6(2)，271-283。
高順生、趙樹林（2005）。運動免疫學。臺北縣：諾亞文化出版社。
張玉佩、曾玉珍、徐廣名、徐台閣（2006）。運動壓力對自然殺手細胞數量及皮質醇之影響。大專體育學刊，8(2)，219-229。
郭正佼（2006）。流式細胞儀基本原理臨床診斷之應用。2007年12月29日，取自美商必帝股份有限公司，網址http://pbel.tmu.edu.tw:8080/tmuic/flow%20111606.pdf
鄧樹勳、王健（2004）。運動生理學：理論與應用。台北縣：冠學文化。
劉迅雷、張志勝、李駿君（2003）。大強度中長跑訓練對青少年運動員免疫機能的影響。西安體育學院學報，20(5)，30-33。
西文部份
Baldwin, R., Embleton, M., Jones, J., & Langman, M. (1973). Cell-mediated and humoral immune reactions to human tumours. International Journal of Cancer, 12(1), 73-83.
Bauer, T., & Weisser, B. (2002). Effect of aerobic endurance exercise on immune function in elderly athletes. Schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin Praxis, 91(5), 153-158.
Baum, M., Muller-Steinhardt, M., Liesen, H., & Kirchner, H. (1997). Moderate and exhaustive endurance exercise influences the interferon-γ levels in whole-blood culture supernatants. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 76(2), 165-169.
Berk, L. S., Nieman, D. C., Youngberg, W. S., Arabatzis, K., Simpson-Westerberg, M., & Lee, J. (1990). The effect of long endurance running on nature killer cells on marathoners. Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, 22, 210-212.
Bonavida, B., & Wright, S. (1987). Multistage model of nature killer cells mediated cytotoxicity involving NKCF as soluble cytotoxic mediators. Advanced in Cancer Research, 49, 169-187.
Brahmi, A., Thomas, J. E., & Park, M. (1985). The effect of acute exercise on nature killer cells activity of trained and sedentary human subjects. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 5, 321-328.
Brain, K. M., Michael, G. F., Melody, D. P., Laura, K. S., & Timmerman, K. L. (2005). Chronic resistance exercise training improves natural killer cell activity in older women. Journal of Gerontology: Medical Science, 60A(10), 1315-1318.
Brines, R., Hoffman-Goetz, L., & Pedersen, B. K. (1996). Can you exercise to make your immune system fitter? Immunology Today, 17(6), 252-254.
Bubenik, J., Jakoubkova, J., Krakora, P., Baresova, M., Helbich, P., Viklicky, V., et al. (1971). Cellular immunity to renal carcinomas in man. International Journal of Cancer, 8(3), 503-513.
Buyukyazi, G., Kutukculer, N., Kutlu, N., Genel, F., Karadeniz, G., & Ozkutuk, N. (2004). Differences in the cellular and humoral immune system between middle-aged men with different intensity and duration of physically training. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 44(2), 207-214.
Bøyum, A., Wiik, P., Gustavsson, E., Veiby, O. P., Reseland, J., Haugen, A. H., et al. (1996). The effect of strenuous exercise, calorie deficiency and sleep deprivation on white blood cells, plasma immunoglobulins and cytokines. Scandinavian Journal of Immunology, 43(2), 228-235.
Dohi, K., Kraemer, W. J., & Mastro, A. M. (2003). Exercise increases prolactin-receptor expression on human lymphocytes. Journal of Applied Physiology, 94(2), 518-524.
Drela, N., Kozdron, E., & Szczypiorski, P. (2004). Moderate exercise may attenuate some aspects of immunosenescence. BMC Geriatrics, 4, 8.
Elenkov, I. J., & Chrousos, G. P. (1999). Stress homones, Th1/Th2 patterns, pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines and susceptibility to disease. Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10, 359-368.
Filaire, E., Bonis, J., & Lac, G. (2004). Relationships between physiological and psychological stress and salivary immunoglobulin A among young female gymnasts. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 99(2), 605-617.
Franchimont, D., Galon, J., Gadina, M., Visconti, R., Zhou, Y., Aringer, M., et al. (2000). Inhibition of Th1 immune response by glucocorticoids: dexamethasone selectively inhibits IL-12-induced Stat4 phosphorylation in T lymphocytes. The Journal of Immunology, 164, 1768-1774.
Frisina, J. P., Gaudieri, S., Cable, T., Keast, D., & Palmer, T. N. (1994). Effects of acute exercise on lymphocyte subsets and metabolic activity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(1), 36-41.
Fry, R. W., Morton, A. R., Crawford, G. P. M., & Keast, D. (1992). Cell numbers and in vitro responses of leucocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations following maximal exercise and interval training sessions of different intensities European Journal of Applied Physiology, 64(3), 218-227.
Gabriel, H., Urhausen, A., & Kindermann, W. (1991). Circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations before and after intensive endurance exercise to exhaustion. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 63(6), 449-457.
Gabriel, H., Schwarz, L., Steffens, G., & Kindermann, W. (1992). Immunoregulatory hormones, circulating leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations before and after endurance exercise of different intensities. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(5), 359-366.
Gabriel, H., & Kindermann, W. (1997). The acute immune response to exercise: What does it mean? International Journal of Sports Medicine, Supplement, 18(1), S28-45.
Gleeson, M., & Pyne, D. B. (2000). Exercise effects on mucosal immunity. Immunology and Cell Biology, 78, 536-544.
Gleeson, M. (2006). Immune system adaptation in elite athletes. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic care, 9(6), 659-665.
Gleeson, M. (2007). Immune function in sport and exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(2), 693-699.
Goldsby, R. A., Kindt T. J., & Osborne B. A. (2000). Kuby Immunology(4th ed.). New York: Kuby WH Freeman.
Hellstrom, I., & Hellstrom, K. (1974). Cell-mediated immune reactions to tumor antigens with particular emphasis on immunity to human neoplasms. Cancer, 34(4), 1461-1468.
Henson, D. A., Nieman, D. C., Pistilli, E. E., Schilling, B., Colacino, A., Utter, A. C., et al. (2004). Influence of carbohydrate and age on lymphocyte function following a marathon. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(3), 308-322.
Hoffman-Goetz, I., & Pedersen, B. K. (1994). Exercise and the immune system: A model of the stress response? Immunology Today, 15, 382-387.
Hoffman-Goetz, L., & Quadrilatero, J. (2003). Treadmill exercise in mice increases intestinal lymphocyte loss via apoptosis. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 179(3), 289-297.
Horn, P., Kalz, A., Lim, CL., Saunders, P., Mackinnon, L., Peake, J., et al. (2007). Exercise-recruited NK cells display exercise-associated eHSP-70. Exercise Immunology Review, 13, 100-111.
Host, C. R., Norton, K. I., Olds, T. S., Lowe, E. L., & Mulligan, S. P. (1995). The effects of altered exercise distribution on lymphocyte. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 72(1), 157-164.
Jeurissen, A., Bossuyt, X., Ceuppens, J. L., & Hespel, P. (2003). The effects of physical exercise on the immune system. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde, 147(28), 1347-1351.
Jonsdottir, I. H. (2000). Exercise immunology: neuroendocrine regulation of NK-cells. International Journal of Sports Medicine, Supplement, 1, S20-23.
Kappel, M., Stadrager, C., Tvede, N., Galbo, H., & Pedersen, B. K. (1991). Effects of in vivo hyperthermia on natural killer cell activity, in vitro proliferative responses and blood mononuclear cell subpopulations. Clinical & Experimental Immunology, 84, 175-180.
Kargotich, S., Keast, D., Goodman, C., Crawford, G. P., & Morton, A. R. (1997). The influence of blood volume changes on leucocyte and lymphocyte subpopulations in elite swimmers following interval training of varying intensities. International Journal Sports Medicine, 18(5), 373-380.
Kiessling, R., Klein, E., & Wigzell, H. (1975). "Natural" killer cells in the mouse I cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse noloney leukemia cells specificity and distribution according to genotype. European Journal of Immunology, 5(2), 112-117.
Kiessling, R., Klein, E., Pross, H., & Wigzell, H. (1975). "Natural" killer cells in the mouse II cytotoxic cells with specificity for mouse moloney leukemia cells characteristics of the killer cell. European Journal of Immunology, 5(2), 117-121.
Knudsen, J. H., Court-Payen, M., Kjaersgaard, E., & Christensen, N. J. (1995). Lymphocyte subset composition in peripheral blood from normal subjects may be influenced by both spleen size and plasma norepinephrine. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, 55(7), 643-648.
König, D., Weinstock, C., Keul, J., Northoff, H., & Berg, A. (1998). Zinc, iron, and magnesiumstatus in athletes—influence on the regulation of exercise-induced stress and immune function. Exercise Immunology Review, 4, 2-21.
König, D., Grathwohl, D., Weinstock, C., Northoff, H., & Berg, A. (2000). Upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: influence of lifestyle, type of sport, training effort and immunostimulant intake. Exercise Immunology Review, 6, 102-120.
LaManca, J. J., Sisto, S. A., Zhou, X. D., Ottenweller, J. E., Cook, S., Peckerman, A., et al. (1999). Immunological response in chronic fatigue syndrome following a graded exercise test to exhaustion. Journal of Clinical Immunology, 19(2), 135-142.
Lancaster, G. I., Khan, Q., Drysdale, P. T., Wallace, F., Jeukendrup, A. E., Drayson, M. T., et al. (2005). Effect of prolonged exercise and carbohydrate ingestion on type 1 and type 2 T lymphocyte distribution and intracellular cytokine production in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 98(2), 565-571.
Leventhal, B., Halterman, R., Rosenberg, E., & Herberman, R. (1972). Immune reactivity of leukemia patients to autologous blast cells. Cancer Research, 32(9), 1820-1825.
Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., & Klevay, L. M. (1989). Comparison of metabolic responses and oxygen cost during maximal exercise using three treadmill protocols. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 29(3), 223-229.
Mackinnon, L. T. (1999). Advanced in exercise Immunology. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Mackinnon, L. T. (2000). Chronic exercise training effects on immune function. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(7), S369-376.
McCarthy, D. A., & Dale, M. M. (1988). The leucocytosis of exercise a review and model. Sports Medicine, 6(6), 333-363.
Moyna, N. M., Acker, G. R., Fulton, J. R., Weber, K., Goss, F. L., Robertson, R. J., et al. (1996). Lymphocyte function and cytokine production during incremental exercise in active and sedentary males and females. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(8), 585-591.
Nieman, D. C., Tan, S., Lee, J. W., & Berk, L. S. (1989). Complement and immunolobulin levels in athletes and sedentary controls. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 10(2), 124-128.
Nieman, D. C. (1994a). Exercise, infection and immunity. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 15(3), S131-141.
Nieman, D. C. (1994b). Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection and the immune system. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 26(2), 128-139.
Nieman, D. C., Cook, V. D., Henson, D. A., Suttles, J., Rejeski, W. J., Ribisl, P. M., et al. (1995). Moderate exercise training and natural killer cell cytotoxic activity in breast cancer patients. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(5), 334-337.
Nieman, D. C. (1997). Risk of upper respiratory tract infection in athletes: an epidemiologic and immunologic perspective. Journal Athletic Training, 32(4), 344-349.
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Garner, E. B., Butterworth, D. E., Warren, B. J., Utter, A., et al. (1997). Carbohydrate affects natural killer cell redistribution but not activity after running. Medicine Sciences Sports Exercise, 29(10), 1318-1324.
Nieman, D. C. (1998). Exercise and resistance to infection. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 76(5), 573-580.
Nieman, D. C., & Pedersen, B. K. (1999). Exercise and immune function recent developments. Sports Medicine, 27(2), 73-80.
Nieman, D. C. (2000). Exercise effects on systemic immunity. Immunology and Cell Biology, 78(5), 496-501.
Nieman, D. C. (2001). Exercise immunology: nutritional countermeasures. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 26(l), S45-55.
Nieman, D. C., Dumke, C. I., Henson, D. A., McAnulty S. R., McAnulty, L. S., Lind, R. H., et al. (2003). Immune and oxidative changes during and following the Western States Endurance Run. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 24(7), 541-547.
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D. A., Dumke, C. L., Lind, R. H., Shooter, L. R., & Gross, S. J. (2006). Relationship between salivary IgA secretion and upper respiratory tract infection following a 160-km race. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 46(1), 158-162.
Nieman, D. C., & Bishop, N. C. (2006). Nutritional strategies to counter stress to the immune system athletes, with specisl reference to football. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(7), 763-772.
Nieman, D. C. (2007). Marathon training and immune function. Sports Medicine, 37(4), 412-415.
Nieman, D. C., Henson, D., Gojanovich, G., Davis, J. M., Dumke, C., Utter, A., et al. (2007). Immune changes: 2h of continuous vs. intermittent cycling. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 28(7), 625-630.
Nielsen, H. B. (2003). Lymphocyte responses to maximal exercise: a physiological perspective. Sports Medicine, 33(11), 853-867.
Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., Christensen, N. J., & Pedersen, B. K. (1996a). Lymphocytes and NK cell activity during repeated bouts of maximal exercise. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 271, R222-227.
Nielsen, H. B., Secher, N. H., Kappel, M., Hanel, B., & Pedersen, B. K. (1996b). Lymphocyte, NK and LAK cell responses to maximal exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(1), 60-65.
Ostrowski, K., Rohde, T., Asp, S., Schjerlinf, P., & Pedersen, B. K. (1999). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in strenous exercise in humans. The Journal of Physiology(Lond), 515, 287-291.
Pedersen, B. K., Tvede, N., Klarlund, K., Christensen, L. D., Hansen, F. R., Galbo, H., et al. (1990). Indomethacin in vitro and in vivo abolishes post-exercise suppression of natural killer cell activity in peripheral blood. International Journal of Sport Medicine, 11, 127-131.
Pedersen, B. K., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2000). Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration and adaptation. Physiologic Reviews, 80(3), 1055-1081.
Pedersen, B. K., & Toft, A. D. (2000). Effects of exercise on lymphocytes and cytokines. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(4), 246-251.
Pizza, F. X., Mitchell, J. B., Davis, B. H., Starling, R. D., Holtz, R. W., & Bigelow, N. (1995). Exercise-induced muscle damage: effects on circulating leukocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 27, 363-370.
Pollock, M. L., Bohannon, R. L., Cooper, K. H. Ayres, J. J., Ward, A., White, S. R., et al. (1976). A comparative analysis of four protocols for maximal treadmill stress testing. American Heart Journal, 92(1), 39-46.
Pranzatelli, M. R. (1996). The immunopharmacology of the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 19(1), 1-47.
Pranzatelli, M. R. (2000). Paraneoplastic syndromes: an unsolved murder. Seminars in Child Neurology, 7(2), 118-130.
Quadrilatero, J., Boudreau, J., & Hoffman-Goetz, L. (2003). Lymphocyte distribution in mouse submandibular lymph nodes in response to acute treadmill exercise. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 81(10), 972-978.
Saito, Y., Kusaka, Y., & Shimada, M. (2003). Effects of exercise intensity on circulating leukocyte subpopulations. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine, 8(1), 18-22.
Scharhag, J., Meyer, T., Gabriel, H. H. W., Schlick, B., Faude, O., & Kindermann, W. (2005). Does prolonged cycling of moderate intensity affect immune cell function? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(3), 171-177.
Shek, P. N., Sabiston, B. H., Buguet, A., & Radomski, M. W. (1995). Strenuous exercise and immunological changes: a multiple-time-point analysis of leukocyte subsets, CD4+/CD8+ ratio, immunoglobulin production and NK cell response. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 16(7), 466-474.
Shinkai, S., Shore, S., Shek, P. N., & Shephard, R. J. (1992). Acute exercise and immune function relationship between lymphocyte activity and changes in subset counts. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 13(6), 452-461.
Shinkai, S., Watanabe, S., Asai, H., & Shek, P. N. (1996). Cortisol response to exercise and post-exercisesuppression of blood lymphocyte subsets counts. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 17(8), 597-603.
Shephard, R. J. (1997). Physicial activity, training and the immune response. Carmel, IN: Cooper Publishing Group.
Shephard, R. J., & Shek, P. N. (1999). Effects of exercise and training on natural killer cell counts and cytolytic activity: A meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 28(3), 177-195.
Simpson, R. J., Floride-James, G. D., Whyte, G. P., & Guy, K. (2006). The effects of intensive, moderate and downhill treadmill running on human blood lymphocytes expressing the adhesion/activation moecules CD54(ICAM-1), CD18(beta2 integrin) and CD53. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 97(1), 109-121.
Simonson, S. R., & Jackson, C. G. R. (2004). Leukocytosis occurs in response to resistance exercise in men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 18(2), 266-271.
Smith, C., & Myburgh, K. H. (2006). Are the relationships between early activation of lymphocytes and cortisol or testosterone influenced by intensified cycling training in men? Applied Physiology Nutrition Metabolism, 31(3), 226-234.
Sorichter, S., Martin, M., Julius, P., Schwirtz, A., Huonker, M., Luttmann, W., et al. (2006). Effects of unaccustomed and accustomed exercise on the immune response in runners. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(10), 1739-1745.
Steensberg, A., Van Hall, G., Osada, T., Sacchetti, M., Saltin, B., & Klarlund, P. B. (2000). Production of interleukin-6 in contracting human skeletal muscles can account for the exercise-induced increase in plasma interleukin-6. Journal Physiology (Lond), 529, 237-242.
Steensberg, A., Toft, A. D., Bruunsgaard, H., Sandmand, M., HalkjÆr-Kristensen, J., & Pedersen, B. K. (2001). Strenuous exercise decreases the percentage of type 1 T cells in the circulation. Journal Applied Physiology, 91, 1708-1712.
Sutmuller, R. P., Offringa, R. & Melief, C. J. (2004). Revival of the regulatory T cell: new targets for drug development. Drug Discovery Today, 9(7), 310-316.
Sureda, A., Tauler, P., Aguilo, A., Cases, N., Fuentespina, E., Cordova, A., et al. (2005). Relation between oxidative stress markers and antioxidant endogenous defences during exhaustive exercise. Free Radical Research, 39(12), 1317-1324.
Tuan, T. C., Hsu, T. G., Fong, M. C., Hsu, C. F., Tsai, K. K., Lee, C. Y. R., et al. (2007). Deleterious effects of short-term high-intensity exercise on the immune function: evidence from leukocyte mitochondrial alternations and apoptosis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 1.
Tvede, N., Kappel, M., Halkjoer-Kristensen, J., Galbo, H., & Pedersen, B. K. (1993). The effect of light, moderate and severe bicycle exercise on lymphocyte subsets, natural and lymphokine activated killer cells, lymphocyte proliferative response and interleukin 2 production. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 14(5), 275-282.
Van der Pompe, G., Bernards, N., Kavelaars, A., & Heijnen, C. (2001). An exploratory study into the effect of exhausting bicycle exercise on endocrine and immune responses in post-menopausal women: Relationships between vigour and plasma cortisol concentrations and lymphocyte proliferation following exercise. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(6), 447-453.
Vella, A. T. (1998). Immune cell survival: walking a tightrope. Oregon State University. Retrieved December 17, 2007 from the World Wide Web: http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/sp-su98/immune.html
Vider, J., Lehtmaa, J., Kullisaar, T., Vihalemm, T., Zilmer, K., Kairane, C., et al. (2001). Acute immune response in respect to exercise-induced oxidative stress. Pathophysiology, 7(4), 263-270.
Woods, J. A., Ceddia, M. A., Wolters, B. W., Evans, J. K., Lu, Q., & McAuley, E. (1999). Effects of 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise training on immune function in the elderly. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 109(1), 1-19.
Woods, J. A., Davis, J. M., Smith, J. M., & Nieman, D. C. (1999). Exercise and cellular innate immune function. Mechanisms of Science in Sports & Exercise, 31(1), 57-66.
Yeh, S. H., Chuang, H., Lin, L. W., Hsiao, C. Y., & Eng, H. L. (2006). Regular tai chi chuan exercise enhances functional mobility and CD4CD25 regulatory T cells. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(3), 239-243.
Zhang, X., Matsuo, K., Farmawati, A., Higashi, Y., Ogawa, K., Nagata, K. et al. (2006). Exhaustive exercise induces differential changes in serum granulysin and circulating number of nature killer cells. The Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine, 210, 117-124.
Zhang, Y., & Huang, W. Y. (2006). Stress and immunity. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation, 10(26), 110-112.