在鉍銀合金表面上成長準獨立相鍺烯｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	彭介威 Peng,Chieh-Wei
論文名稱：	在鉍銀合金表面上成長準獨立相鍺烯 Growing quasi-freestanding phase germanene on Ag2Bi alloy surface
指導教授：	唐述中 Tang, Shu-Jung
口試委員:	鄭澄懋 Cheng, Cheng-Maw 徐瑋廷 Hsu, Wei-Ting
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	理學院 - 物理學系 Department of Physics
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	75
中文關鍵詞：	低能量電子繞射、角解析光電子能譜、鍺烯
外文關鍵詞：	low energy electron diffraction, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, germanene
相關次數：	點閱：21 下載：0
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本論文主要研究在Ag(111)基底上有Bi原子存在的情況下，再生長鍺烯。Bi原子沉積在Ag(111)單晶基底上，根據Bi鍍量的不同，會形成Ag2Bi表面合金-(√3×√3)R30◦、Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3)和Bi(110)/Ag(111)。利用低能量電子繞射(low energy electron diffraction, LEED)和角解析光電子能譜(angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, ARPES)，我們研究在兩種不同Bi/Ag(111)表面上鍍Ge的晶格和電子結構的變化:1. Ag2Bi表面合金-(√3×√3)R30◦單獨合金。2. Ag2Bi合金表面-(√3×√3)R30◦與Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3)共存。對於前者，我們發現到Ag2Bi表面合金發生去合金為Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3)結構，且與準獨立相(QP)鍺烯並排生長。代表在垂直於√3長度方向上的p值晶格常數會隨著Ge鍍量的增加而縮小。對於後者，結構上仍產生去合金現象，但同時出現的是條紋相(SP)鍺烯，並非準獨立相(QP)鍺烯，而隨著Ge鍍量的增加，p值晶格常數甚至縮小到比第一部分更小。
Ag2Bi表面合金-(√3×√3)R30◦和Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3)的表面能帶結構與Ge-3d和Bi-5d核能階態變化，均與兩部分實驗中LEED結果結論一致。以及建構在Ag(111)基底上的Ag2Bi表面合金-(√3×√3)R30◦和Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3)之間所對應的晶格模型，用以解釋第二部分實驗中所產生的有趣結構。

The purpose of the project in this thesis is to study the growth of germanene on Ag(111) with the presence of Bi atoms. Deposition of Bi on Ag(111) single-crystal substrate results in the formation of Ag2Bi alloy-(√3×√3)R30◦ surface, Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3), and Bi(110)/Ag(111) with increasing coverage of Bi. Using low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), we studied the evolution of lattice and electronic structures for Ge deposition on two different Bi/Ag(111) surfaces: 1. Ag2Bi-(√3×√3)R30◦ surface alloy alone. 2. Ag2Bi surface alloy-(√3×√3)R30◦ coexisting with Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3). For the former, we found Ag2Bi surface alloy was de-alloyed to Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3) superstructure and quasi-freestanding phase (QP) germanene forms side-by-side. The p value indicating the lattice constant in the direction perpendicular to that of √3 reduces with the increasing Ge coverage. For the latter, the de-alloying still occurs while striped-phase (SP) germanene shows up instead of QP. The p value reduces even to a smaller value than that of case 1 with the increasing Ge coverage.
Surface-state band structures of Ag2Bi surface alloy-(√3×√3)R30◦ and Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3) as well as Ge-3d and Bi-5d core-level states all behave consistent to the conclusions drawn from the LEED results of these two cases. An lattice model for the commensurate boundary between Ag2Bi surface alloy-(√3×√3)R30◦ and Bi/Ag(111)-(p×√3) on Ag(111) is constructed to explain the interesting behavior of case 2.

Abstract (Chinese)                                           I
Abstract                                                     II
Acknowledgements                                             III
Contents                                                     IV
List of Figures                                              VII
List of Tables                                               XV
基礎理論                                                    1
1 前言......................................................1
2 真空......................................................3
2.1 平均自由徑..............................................4
2.2 真空區分................................................4
3 晶體結構..................................................5
3.1 晶胞(cell) .............................................6
3.2 布拉菲晶格(Bravais lattice)..............................7
3.3 米勒指標(miller index)與晶格面............................7
3.4 倒晶格..................................................10
3.5 布里淵區(Brillouin zone)................................11
3.6 Wood’s notation.........................................11
3.7 勞厄方程式(Laue equation)................................13
3.8 愛德華球體(Ewald sphere).................................14
4 光電子能譜(Photoemission Spectroscopy, PES)................15
4.1 光電效應.................................................15
4.2 三步驟模型(three step model).............................16
4.3 角解析光電子能譜(Angle Resolved Photoemission
Spectroscopy, ARPES)..........................................17
實驗儀器與原理                                               19
1 超高真空系統...............................................19
1.1 真空腔體實驗環境.........................................20
2 真空幫浦...................................................21
2.1 乾式渦卷幫浦(Dry scroll pump)............................22
2.2 渦輪分子幫浦(Turbo molecular pump).......................22
2.3 離子幫浦(Ion pump).......................................24
2.4 鈦昇華幫浦(Titan sublimate pump) ........................25
3 低能量電子繞射儀(Low Energy Electron Diffraction, LEED).....25
4 蒸鍍槍(Kundsen cell evaporator)............................27
5 濺鍍槍(sputter gun)........................................28
6 殘餘氣體分析儀(Residual Gas Analysis, RGA)..................29
7 光源.......................................................30
7.1 氦燈(Helium lamp)........................................30
7.2 同步輻射光源..............................................31
8 角解析光電子能譜與能量分析儀.................................33
在Ag(111)上蒸鍍成長不同金屬原子                                35
1 蒸鍍Ge原子在Ag(111)上.......................................35
1.1 鍺銀合金(Ag2Ge alloy).....................................35
1.2 條紋相(Striped Phase, SP)鍺烯.............................36
1.3 準獨立相(Quasi-freestanding Phase, QP)鍺烯................37
2 利用外來原子調控Ag(111)上鍺烯結構............................39
3 交換Ag(111)上蒸鍍Ge、Pb原子的順序............................42
4 蒸鍍Bi原子在Ag(111)上.......................................43
4.1 鉍銀合金(Ag2Bi alloy)-(√3×√3)R30◦結構.....................43
4.2 去合金過程-(p×√3)結構.....................................44
4.3 Bi(110)薄膜覆蓋層.........................................45
實驗數據與分析                                                49
1 實驗動機....................................................49
2 製備乾淨Ag(111)單晶基底樣品..................................50
3 實驗內容....................................................51
3.1 鍍相對薄的鉍薄膜，再退火加熱基板，鍍鍺在鉍銀合金(√3×√3)R30◦
上..............................................................51
3.2 鍍相對厚的鉍薄膜，再退火加熱基板，鍍鍺在鉍銀去合金過程(p×√3)
上..............................................................61
4 實驗討論....................................................71
結論                                                          72
Bibliography                                                    73
                                

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