目的：本研究探討健康高齡者與肌少症高齡者的平衡能力與步態的差異。方法：招募年齡大於70歲之肌少症高齡者（16名），及健康高齡者（17名）參與本研究，透過足壓偵測進行靜態平衡能力及走路測試。利用描述分析、獨立樣本t檢定及相依樣本t檢定進行組間與組內的各項檢定。結果：平衡方面：肌少症組在開眼站立平衡的壓力中心搖晃面積、壓力中心移動速度皆顯著大於一般組（p < .05）。一般組開眼的組內達顯著差異（p < .05），而肌少症組的組內未達顯著差異。步態方面：最快速度走路時肌少症組的左腳站立期%與擺盪期%與一般組達顯著差異（p < .05）；步幅、步頻、步速都顯著小於一般組（p < .05）。一般組的組內步態參數：步幅、步頻和速度的差異達顯著，步態週期：左右腳站立期%、左右腳擺盪期%、雙腳支撐期%皆達顯著差異。肌少症組組內的步態參數較一般組多了步寬，其他與一般組相同，而步態週期中只有右腳站立期%、右腳擺盪期%、雙腳支撐期%有顯著的差異。結論：肌少症高齡者的開眼平衡較一般高齡者差且開閉眼平衡能力間沒有差別，肌少症高齡者的最快速度步態明顯較一般高齡者慢、步寬較窄，鑑於肌少症高齡者與一般高齡者的差異，希望未來提供肌少症研究者、訓練人員及照顧者做為精準目標肌力改善訓練的參考。

Purpose: This study explored the difference in balance ability and gait between healthy elderly and sarcopenia elderly. Method: This study recruited the elderly with sarcopenia (16) as the sarcopenia group and the healthy elderly (17) as the general group whose were volunteers to participated, and performed the static balance and the walking tests through plantar pressure plates. The descriptive analysis to descript the two groups and the independent-sample t-test were used to test the differences of balance capacity and gait parameters between the two groups and the dependent sample t-test were used to test the differences between open-eye vs close-eye standing balance capacity and comfortable vs fastest gait parameters in the two groups. Results: In terms of balance: the sway area and the moving speed of the pressure center in the open-eye standing balance of the sarcopenia group were higher than the general group significantly (p<.05); the closed-eye standing balance results were not significantly different from the general group. In terms of gait: the parameters with comfortable walking were not different with the sarcopenia group and the general group significantly. In the fastest walking gait parameters, except that the left and right foot angles and step width were not different significantly, the others like the stride length, cadence, and gait speed were smaller than the general group significantly (p<.05). Conclusion: The eye-opening balance and the fastest gait of the elderly with sarcopenia are worse significantly than those of the general elderly. To distinguish the difference between sarcopenia and healthy elderly, it is recommended to use eye-opening standing balance and walking at the fastest speed which is a better detection method.

汪敏、李學佩、李哲生（1997）。年齡和視覺對直立静態平衡的影響。耳鼻咽喉一頭頸外科。4（1），9-12。https://doi.org/10.16066/j.1672-7002.1997.01.003
李育銘、李恆儒（2011）。下肢肌群疲勞對動態姿勢穩定的影響之探討。臺灣體育論壇。2，71-80。
李棟洲、武俊傑（2015）。老年步態障礙。臺灣老年醫學暨老年學雜誌。10（1），1-15。
林威秀、林冠綸、曾宗立、林志遠、黎俊彥（2008）。高齡老人與健康常人站立姿勢平衡控制功能之比較，2008臺灣運動生物力學學會及臺灣生物力學學會聯合年會暨學術研討會和國科會醫學工程學門成果發表會論文集（ISBN 978-986-01-5809-0），11月1日，臺中教育大學，臺中市，頁283-284。
邱文信、陳羿揚、黃依婷（2019）。規律走路運動對高齡者平衡能力的影響。大專體育學刊。21（4），331-341。https://doi.org/10.5297/ser.201912_21（4）.0003
吳雅汝、周怡君、詹鼎正（2014）。文獻回顧—肌少症與衰弱症。內科學誌。2014（25），131-136。
吳瑞美（2013年12月8日）。Gait Disorders in Neurodegenerative: Clinical Characteristics and Differential / Diagnosis Perturbation of Gait and Balance in Neurology Disorders: From Clinical Phenomena to Basic Mechanisms [Conference presentation]. 2013 Union symposium, Taipei, Taiwan.
胡月娟、蕭伃伶、何瓊芳、詹婉卿、彭巧珍、巫曉玲、汪正青、楊其璇、郭慈安、杜明勳、林貴滿、郭淑珍、廖妙淯、陳美香、呂文賢、賴嘉祥、黃惠璣、陳翠芳、譚蓉瑩等（2018）。老人護理學。新文京開發出版。
胡雪艷、惲曉平、郭忠武、王廣志（2006）正常成人步態特徵研究。中國康復理論與實踐。12（10），855-857
陳淑貞、錢桂玉、呂佳育（2019）。走路速度測量於社區高齡者衰弱防治之應用。運動生理暨體能學報。21，51-58。
陳柔賢（2013）。 Moving Forward on a Hesitant Realm: Diverse Pathophysiology of Abnormal Gait。Diagnosis Perturbation of Gait and Balance in Neurology Disorders: From Clinical Phenomena to Basic Mechanisms。Union symposium。
林光華（1991）。高齡者之生理功能變化。中華民國物理治療學會雜誌。16（2），103-110。
林詩淳、蔡坤維、陳妙文、辜美安（2015）。高齡者肌少症之預防與照護。志為護理。14（2），62-67。
李威儒、彭莉甯、林明憲、陳亮恭（2020）。亞洲肌少症診治共識：2019年更新介紹。台北市醫師公會會刊。64（7）。46-52。
李尹鑫、張家豪、王宏正（2010）。以測力板檢測中、老年人靜態平衡能力。華人運動生物力學期刊。2（2010）。16-21。
洪偉欽、沈竑毅（2007）。老化與平衡能力。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊。6（2）， 119-129。
張淑芳（2014）。老年肌少症診斷與治療。護理雜誌。61（2），101-105。
涂擇信（2019）。以系統性文獻回顧探討運動訓練對於高齡者肌少症與發炎因子之影響。國立臺中教育大學體育學系學刊。14，15-30。
黃彥慈、邱文信（2008）。探討足底壓力之運用與展望。大專體育。97，146-153。
張建彥、吳宗修、王森豐、郭明仁（2010）。交叉路口高齡者與孩童步行速率之調查與分析。都市交通。25（4），1–17。
詹文祥、邱文信（2011）。老化現象對步態之影響。中華體育季刊。25（4）， 677-685。
劉雅甄（2016）。高齡者動體視力與步態速度隨老化之變異情形。體育學報。49（4），431-442。
蔡宏志（2019）。老化與衰弱研究：從實驗室到臨床實際。台灣醫界雜誌。62（9）， 20-25。
陳緯蓉、林惠婷、周台英（2018）。運動介入對於老化造成步態改變的影響。中華體育季刊。32(1)，75–83。
國家發展委員會（2020）。重要資料統計手冊。取自https://ws.ndc.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9hZG1pbmlzdHJhdG9yLzEwL3JlbGZpbGUvMC8yMjIxLzY3ODk5MDQ2LTM5MzQtNDI2My04ZTM0LTJkMmVjZGYwZGUyMi5wZGY%3d&n=MTA55bm05bqmMTHmnIjku73ph43opoHntbHoqIjos4fmlpnmiYvlhooucGRm&icon=..pdf
國家衛生研究院（2003）。身體活動與老人的肌肉骨骼系統。論壇健康促進與疾病預防委員會第三期文獻回顧研析計畫。台北市：國家衛生研究院。
Aartolahti, E., Häkkinen, A., Lönnroos, E., Kautiainen, H., Sulkava, R., & Hartikainen, S. (2013). Relationship between functional vision and balance and mobility performance in community-dwelling older adults. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 25(5), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-013-0120-z
Bohannon, R. W. (1997). Comfortable and maximum walking speed of adults aged 20-79 years: reference values and determinants. Age and Ageing, 26, 15-19.
Carey, N.(2005). Establishing Pedestrian Walking Speeds. Project Report, Portland State University, ITE Student Chapter.
Cha, H. G.(2018). Effects of trunk stabilization exercise on the local muscle activity and balance ability of normal subjects. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(6), 813–815. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.813
Chang, C., Woo, H., & Wang, S.(2011). Analysis of Pedestrian Walking Speeds at Crosswalks in Taiwan. Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies,8. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321913382
Callisaya, M. L., Blizzard, L., McGinley, J. L., & Srikanth, V. K. (2012). Risk of falls in older people during fast-walking – The TASCOG study. Gait & Posture, 36(3), 510–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.05.003
Cooper, C., Fielding, R., Visser, M., van Loon, L. J., Rolland, Y., Orwoll, E., …& Kanis, J. A.(2013). Tools in the Assessment of Sarcopenia. Calcified Tissue International, 93(3), 201-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-013-9757-z
Delmonico, M. J., Harris, T. B., Visser, M., Park, S. W., Conroy, M. B., Velasquez-Mieyer, P., Boudreau, R., Manini, T. M., Nevitt, M., Newman, A. B., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2009). A longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 90(6), 1579-1585.
Doyo, W., Kozakai, R., Kim, H.-Y., Ando, F., & Shimokata, H. (2010). Spatiotemporal components of the 3-D gait analysis of community-dwelling middle-aged and elderly Japanese: Age- and sex-related differences. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 11(1), 39–49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00632.x
Earhart, G. M.(2013). Dynamic control of posture across locomotor tasks. Movement Disorders, 28(11), 1501–1508. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25592

Floyd, R. T.(2018). Manual of Structural Kinesiology 20/e. USA: McGraw-Hill ISBN：9781259922213
Hamilton, N., Weimar, W., & Luttgens K. (2012). Kinesiology: scientific basis of human motion. 12th ed. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-802254-8
Janssen, J. A. M. J. L. (2016). Impact of Physical Exercise on Endocrine Aging. Sports Endocrinology, 47, 68–81. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445158
Kirkendall, D. T., & Garrett, W. E., Jr. (1998). The effects of aging and training on skeletal muscle. American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26(4), 598-602.
Ko, S., Tolea, M. I., Hausdorff, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2011). Sex-specific differences in gait patterns of healthy older adults: Results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Journal of Biomechanics, 44(10), 1974–1979. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.05.005
Lexell, J., Taylor, C. C., & Sjöström, M. (1988). What is the cause of the aging atrophy? Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 84(2-3), 275-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(88)90132-3
Lindemann, U. (2019). Spatiotemporal gait analysis of older persons in clinical practice and research. Zeitschrift Für Gerontologie Und Geriatrie. 53, 171–178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-019-01520-8
Lord, S., Howe, T., Greenland, J., Simpson, L., & Rochester, L. (2011). Gait variability in older adults: A structured review of testing protocol and clinimetric properties. Gait & Posture, 34(4), 443–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.07.010
Lowry, K.A., Vallejo, A. N., & Studenski, S. A.(2012). Successful Aging as a Continuum of Functional Independence: Lessons from Physical Disability Models of Aging. Aging and Disease. 3(1),5-15
Manini, T. M., Hong, S. L., & Clark, B. C. (2013). Aging and muscle. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 16(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1097/mco.0b013e32835b5880
Mayhew, A J, Amog, K, Phillips, S, Parise, G, McNicholas, P D, de Souza, R J, Thabane, L, & Raina, P (2019). The prevalence of sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults, an exploration of differences between studies and within definitions: a systematic review and meta-analyses. Age and Ageing.48(1):48-56. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/ageing/afy106
Morley, J. E., Baumgartner, R. N., Roubenoff, R., Mayer, J., & Nair, K. S. (2001). Sarcopenia. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 137(4), 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2001.113504
Mortaza, N , Osman, N A Abu, & Mehdikhani, N. (2014) . Are the spatiotemporal parameters of gait capable of distinguishing a faller from a non-faller elderly?. European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine. 50(6), 677-91
Osoba, M. Y., Rao, A. K., Agrawal, S. K., & Lalwani, A. K. (2019). Balance and gait in the elderly: A contemporary review. Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1002/lio2.252
Rogers, M. W., & Mille, M.-L.(2018). Balance perturbations. Balance, Gait, and Falls, 159, 85–1075. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63916-5.00005-7
Saftari, L. N., & Kwon, O. (2018). Aging vision and falls: a review. Journal of Physiological Anthropology. 37(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40101-018-0170-1
Sakuma, K., & Yamaguchi, A. (2012). Sarcopenia and Age-Related Endocrine Function. International Journal of Endocrinology. 2012, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/127362
Signorile, J. F. (2011). Bending the aging curve: the complete exercise guide for older adults. CP.USA: Human kinetic.
Song, G. b., & Park, E. C.(2016). Effects of Neck and Trunk Stabilization Exercise on Balance in Older Adults. Journal of Korean Physical Therapy, 28(4):221-226.
Stollof, E.R., McGee, H. & Eccles, K.A. (2007). Pedestrian Signal Safety for Older Persons (Technical Report). Washington, D.C.: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety.
Snijders, A. H, van de Warrenbyrg, B. P., Giladi, N., & Bloem, B.R, (2007). Neurological gait disorders in elderly people: clinical approach and classification. The Lancet Neurology, 6(1), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70678-0
The European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2, and the extended group for EWGSOP2 (2019). Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age and Ageing, 48, 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169
Thomas, E., Battaglia, G., Patti, A., Brusa, J., Leonardi, V., Palma, A., & Bellafiore, M. (2019). Physical activity programs for balance and fall prevention in elderly. Medicine,98(27), e16218. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000016218
Volpi, E., Nazemi, R., & Fujita, S. (2004). Muscle tissue changes with aging. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 7(4), 405-410.
World Population Prospects (2019). World Population Prospects 2019: Highlights. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, 17 June 2019. https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-2019-highlights.html
Van Lummel, R., Evers, J., Niessen, M., Beek, P., & van Dieën, J. (2018). Older Adults with Weaker Muscle Strength Stand up from a Sitting Position with More Dynamic Trunk Use. Sensors, 18(4), 1235. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18041235
Vaughan, C.L., Davis, B. L., & O’Connor, J.C. (1999). Dynamics of Human Gait (2nd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Kiboho Publishers