應用於無線通訊之多頻帶自動頻寬校正轉導電容濾波器

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研究生：	王思婷 Sui-ting Wang
論文名稱：	應用於無線通訊之多頻帶自動頻寬校正轉導電容濾波器 A Multi-Band Gm-C Filter with Automatic Frequency Tuning for Wireless Communication Applications
指導教授：	柏振球 Jenn-Chyou Bor
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2008
畢業學年度：	96
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	102
中文關鍵詞：	多頻帶、轉導電容濾波器、自動校正
外文關鍵詞：	Multi-band, Gm-C filter, Automatic-tuning
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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在本篇論文中，我們希望合併多個轉導放大器做出一個可切換多個頻寬的低功率濾波器。我們提出了一個多重輸入與一個多重輸出的的轉導放大器，作法是合併兩組輸入於一個轉導放大器與兩組輸出於另一個轉導放大器來達成這個設計目標。我們利用所提出的轉導放大器來組成一個適用於無線通訊應用可切換六個頻寬的四階轉導電容濾波器。這六個頻寬分別是：0.875 MHz、1.75 MHz、2.75 MHz、3.5 MHz、5 MHz、10MHz。此外，因為轉導放大器的轉導值可藉由調整其控制電壓而改變，而最大轉導值與最小轉導值相差約四倍，所以此轉導電容濾波器的頻寬可涵蓋 0.4375 MHz ~ 20MHz。我們可以利用調整轉導值來克服晶片製程中所產生的頻寬變異。為了抵抗製程變異，我們採用”固定電容”的電路架構，期望二階濾波器的Q值固定不會隨頻段改變，亦設計了一個在晶片上的可自動調整濾波器頻寬系統用來自動補償頻寬的變異。因為在可自動調整頻寬系統中大多使用了數位的電路，所以可自動調整頻寬系統的功率損耗以及面積便可大為降低。

In this thesis, a low-power-consumption multi-bandwidth filter is proposed. There are two operational transconductance amplifiers(OTA) to be designed. One is multi-input and the other is multi-output. By using both OTAs, a six-bandwidth fourth-order Gm-C filter is realized. The six bandwidths are 0.875 MHz, 1.75 MHz, 2.75 MHz, 3.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz. Moreover, the bandwidth of the Gm-C filter can be tuned by the transconductance of the OTA. An on-chip automatic frequency tuning system is also designed to compensate.
To verify this design, a test chip is fabricated with TSMC 0.18 μm CMOS process and the power supply is 1.8 V. According to the simulation results, total harmonic distortion (THD) is small than 1% when input signal is 1Vppd; IIP3 are more than 5 dBV; P1dB are more than -3 dBV; total capacitors are smaller then 15pF; current consumption is small than 15mA; and bandwidth tuning error is small than 5%.

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction    1
1.1 Background    1
1.2 Motivation    2
1.3 Thesis Organization    4
Chapter 2 Design of Operational Transconductance Amplifier    5
2.1 Introduction    5
2.2 OTA Structure    6
2.2.1 General Fully Differential OTA    7
    2.2.2 Multi-Input OTA    9
    2.2.3 Multi-Output OTA    11
2.3 Common-Mode Feedback Circuit and Bias Circuit    12
2.4 Simulation Results    15
2.4.1 Multi-Input OTA Simulation Results    15
    2.4.2 Multi-Onput OTA Simulation Results    22
    2.4.3 CMFB and Bias Circuit Simulation Results    31
2.5 Summary    32
Chapter 3 Design of Multi-Bandwidth Gm-C filter    34
3.1 Introduction    34
3.2 Lowpass Biquad Architecture    34
    3.2.1 OTA Reduction    34
    3.2.2 Multi-Bandwidth Function    37
3.3 Fourth-Order Butterworth Lowpass Filter Integration    38
3.3.1 Biquad Cascading    38
    3.3.2 Output Buffer    40
3.4 Q Variation Analysis    41
3.5 Simulation Results    43
3.5.1 Fourth-Order Butterworth Filter    43
    3.5.2 Output Buffer    52
3.6 Summary    53
Chapter 4 Design of Automatic Frequency Tuning System    55
4.1 Introduction    55
4.2 Frequency Tuning System Architecture    56
4.3 Frequency Tuning System Building Blocks    62
4.3.1 Comparator    62
4.3.2 Digital Phase Comparator    64
    4.3.3 Successive Approximation Register    65
    4.3.4 Digital to Analog Converter    66
4.4 Mixed-Mode Simulation Results    67
4.5 Summary    83
Chapter 5 Measurement Results    85
5.1 Measurement Setup    85
5.2 Measurement Results    86
5.3 Summary    89
Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work    90
Bibliography    91




List of Figures

Fig 1.1 The direct down conversion receiver architecture    3
Fig 2.1 Simple transconductor model and its symbol    6
Fig 2.2 General fully differential OTA circuit    8
Fig 2.3 Input stage small signal model of half circuit    9
Fig 2.4 Multi-input OTA input stage circuit    10
Fig 2.5 Switch circuit of Multi-Input OTA input stage    10
Fig 2.6 Switch circuit of OTA output stage    11
Fig 2.7 Multi-Input OTA output stage circuit    11
Fig 2.8 Multi-Output OTA input stage circuit    12
Fig 2.9 Multi-Output OTA output stage circuit    12
Fig 2.10 The schematic of CMFB circuit    13
Fig 2.11 The Constant Gm Bias Circuit    14
Fig 2.12 Transconductance of the high Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus “ Vtune”     18
Fig 2.13 Transconductance of the low Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus “ Vtune”     18
Fig 2.14 Transconductance of the high Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus input swing with different Vtune and the first output pair turned on    19
Fig 2.15 Transconductance of the high Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus input swing with different Vtune and the second output pair turned on    20
Fig 2.16 Transconductance of the high Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus input swing with different Vtune and the total output pairs turned on    20
Fig 2.17 Transconductance of the low Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus input swing with different Vtune and the first output pair turned on    20
Fig 2.18 Transconductance of the low Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus input swing with different Vtune and the second output pair turned on    21
Fig 2.19 Transconductance of the low Q biquad’s multi-input OTA versus input swing with different Vtune and the total output pairs turned on    21
Fig 2.20 Transconductance of the high Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus “Vtune”    25
Fig 2.21 Transconductance of the low Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus “Vtune”     26
Fig 2.22 Transconductances, Gm3 and Gm2, of the high Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus input swing with different “Vtune” and 2 first output pairs turned on    26
Fig 2.23 Transconductances, Gm3 and Gm2, of the high Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus input swing with different “Vtune” and 2 second output pairs turned on    27
Fig 2.24 Transconductances, Gm3 and Gm2, of the high Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus input swing with different “Vtune” and 2 total output pairs turned on    27
Fig 2.25 Transconductances, Gm3 and Gm2, of the low Q biquad ‘s multi-output OTA of versus input swing with different Vtune and 2 first output pairs turned on    28
Fig 2.26 Transconductances, Gm3 and Gm2, of the low Q biquad ‘s multi-output OTA of versus input swing with different Vtune and 2 second output pairs turned on    28
Fig 2.27 Transconductances, Gm3 and Gm2, of the low Q biquad ‘s multi-output OTA of versus input swing with different Vtune and 2 total output pairs turned on    29
Fig 2.28 Open-loop simulation result of the CMFB circuit(a) ac gain (b) phase    32
Fig 3.1 A four OTAs based biquad    35
Fig 3.2 A multi-input OTA and multi-output OTA based biquad    35
Fig 3.3 The single-ended circuit of fig 3.2    36
Fig 3.4 4th-order Gm-C Butterworth filter with constant capacitor    38
Fig 3.5 (a) Cascade connection, (b) leapfrog topology,(c) ladder network    39
Fig 3.6 The arrangement of Q values of two biquads    40
Fig 3.7 The scheme of the output buffer    41
Fig 3.8 Frequency response comparison with ideal high Q biquad and real high Q biquad @ band setting 2.75 MHz    42
Fig 3.9 Frequency response comparison with the different degeneration resistor of OTA @ band setting 2.75 MHz    43
Fig 3.10 Frequency response of each biquad    44
Fig 3.11 Frequency response of the 4th-order filter    45
Fig 3.12 Frequency response of the filter by tuning “Vtune”    45
Fig 3.13 IIP3 simulation result of the filter for 0.875 MHz    46
Fig 3.14 IIP3 simulation result of the filter for 1.75 MHz    46
Fig 3.15 IIP3 simulation result of the filter for 2.75 MHz    47
Fig 3.16 IIP3 simulation result of the filter for 3.5 MHz    47
Fig 3.17 IIP3 simulation result of the filter for 5 MHz    48
Fig 3.18 IIP3 simulation result of the filter for 10 MHz    48
Fig 3.19 P1dB simulation result of the filter for 0.875 MHz    49
Fig 3.20 P1dB simulation result of the filter for 1.75 MHz    49
Fig 3.21 P1dB simulation result of the filter for 2.75 MHz    50
Fig 3.22 P1dB simulation result of the filter for 3.5 MHz    50
Fig 3.23 P1dB simulation result of the filter for 5 MHz    51
Fig 3.24 P1dB simulation result of the filter for 10 MHz    51
Fig 3.25 Closed-loop frequency response of the unit-gain buffer    53
Fig 3.26 Open-loop frequency response of the buffer    53
Fig 4.1 Block diagram of Master-Slave frequency tuning system    57
Fig 4.2 Proposed frequency tuning system with digital circuitry    57
Fig 4.3 Bandpass filter scheme used in the tuning system    58
Fig 4.4 Phase of the bandpass filter    59
Fig 4.5 Proposed tuning system based on lowpass filter and bandpass filter    59
Fig 4.6 Function of phase detector    60
Fig 4.7 A comparator with a preamplifier and an inverter    63
Fig 4.8 Transient response of the comparator    63
Fig 4.9 Frequency response of the comparator    64
Fig 4.10 Flow chart of the SAR function    65
Fig 4.11 An example of 6-bits SAR function    66
Fig 4.12 The proposed 6-bits current-steering DAC    67
Fig 4.13 The output waveform of the 6-bits DAC    67
Fig 4.14 Maximum and minimum bandwidth (0.75 MHz) adjustment by 6-bits DAC    68
Fig 4.15 Maximum and minimum bandwidth (1.75 MHz) adjustment by 6-bits DAC    69
Fig 4.16 Maximum and minimum bandwidth (2.75 MHz) adjustment by 6-bits DAC    69
Fig 4.17 Maximum and minimum bandwidth (3.5 MHz) adjustment by 6-bits DAC     70
Fig 4.18 Maximum and minimum bandwidth (5 MHz) adjustment by 6-bits DAC       70
Fig 4.19 Maximum and minimum bandwidth (10 MHz) adjustment by 6-bits DAC      71
Fig 4.20 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 0.875 MHz with +20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    71
Fig 4.21 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 1.75 MHz with +20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    72
Fig 4.22 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 2.75 MHz with +20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    72
Fig 4.23 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 3.5 MHz with +20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    73
Fig 4.24 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 5 MHz with +20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    73
Fig 4.25 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 10 MHz with +20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    74
Fig 4.26 Bandwidth(0.875 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation +20% after tuning procedure    74
Fig 4.27 Bandwidth(01.75 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation +20% after tuning procedure    75
Fig 4.28 Bandwidth(2.75 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation +20% after tuning procedure    75
Fig 4.29 Bandwidth(3.5 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation +20% after tuning procedure    76
Fig 4.30 Bandwidth(5 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation +20% after tuning procedure    76
Fig 4.31 Bandwidth(10 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation +20% after tuning procedure    77
Fig 4.32 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 0.875 MHz with -20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    77
Fig 4.33 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 1.75 MHz with -20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    78
Fig 4.34 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 2.75 MHz with -20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    78
Fig 4.35 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 3.5 MHz with -20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    79
Fig 4.36 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 5 MHz with -20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    79
Fig 4.37 Transient response of the tuning procedure for 10 MHz with -20% capacitance variations after tuning procedure    80
Fig 4.38 Bandwidth(0.875 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation -20% after tuning procedure    80
Fig 4.39 Bandwidth(1.75 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation -20% after tuning procedure    81
Fig 4.40 Bandwidth(2.75 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation -20% after tuning procedure    81
Fig 4.41 Bandwidth(3.5 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation -20% after tuning procedure    82
Fig 4.42 Bandwidth(5 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation -20% after tuning procedure    82
Fig 4.43 Bandwidth(10 MHz) adjustment with capacitance variation -20% after tuning procedure    83
Fig 5.1 Measurement setup for DUT    85
Fig 5.2 The wrong schematic of tape-out chip    86
Fig 5.3 Die photo    87
Fig 5.4 Received signal @ input signal frequency=20 MHz and amplitude=100mVpp    87
Fig 5.5 Vibration waveform of the chip    88
Fig 5.6 Frequency respnse @ 10 MHz band setting    88



List of Tables

Table 2.1 Simulation result of the high Q biquad’s multi-input OTA    15
Table 2.2 THD of the high Q biquad’s multi-input OTA    16
Table 2.3 Simulation result of the low biquad’s multi-input OTA    16
Table 2.4 THD of the low Q biquad’s multi-input OTA    17
Table 2.5 THD of the high Q biquad’s Multi-Input OTA versus versus input swing with different Vtune and first output pair turned on    22
Table 2.6 THD of the low Q biquad’s Multi-Input OTA versus versus input swing with different Vtune and first output pair turned on    22
Table 2.7 Simulation result of the high Q biquad’s multi-output OTA    23
Table 2.8 THD of multi-output OTA of the high Q biquad    23
Table 2.9 Simulation result of the low Q biquad’s multi-output OTA    24
Table 2.10 THD of multi-output OTA of the low Q biquad    24
Table 2.11 Tuning range of Gm3 and Gm2 of the high Q biquad    29
Table 2.12 Tuning range of Gm3 and Gm2 of the low Q biquad    30
Table 2.13 Gm2 THD of the high Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus input swing with different “Vtune” and 2 first output pairs turned on    30
Table 2.14 Gm3 THD of the high Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus input swing with different “Vtune” and 2 first output pairs turned on    30
Table 2.15 Gm2 THD of the low Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus input swing with different “Vtune” and 2 first output pairs turned on    31
Table 2.16 Gm3 THD of the low Q biquad’s multi-output OTA versus input swing with different “Vtune” and 2 first output pairs turned on    31
Table 3.1 P1dB and IIP3 simulation results    52
Table 3.2 THD simulation result of the fourth-order filter at six bandwidths    52

                                

Bibliography

[1] Artur Lewinsli,Student Memver,IEEE and Jose Silva-Martinez,Senior Member,IEEE”OTA Linearity Enhancement Technique for High Frequency Applications With IM3 Below –65dB”IEEE transactions on circuits and systems II:EXPRESS BRIEFS,VOL.51,NO.10, october 2004.
[2] Bogdan Pankiewicz,Marek Wojcikowski,Stanislaw Szczwpanski,and Yichuang Sun,Senior Member,IEEE,”A Field Programmable Analog Arry for CMOS Continuous-Time OTA-C Filter Applications”,IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-ATATE CIRCUITS,VOL 37,NO.2,FEBREUARY 2002
[3] Changsik Yoo, Seung-Wook Lee, and Wonchan Kim, “A ±1.5 V, 4-MHz CMOS Continuous-Time Filter with a Single-Integrator Based Tuning,” IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 33, pp.18-27, January 1998.
[4] J.-M. Stevenson, et al.,”An Accurate Quality Factor Tuning Scheme for IF and High-Q Continuous-Time Filters”,JSSC 1998/12,pp. 1970-1978
[5] Bo Shi, Weiyun Shan,”A Gm-C Baseband Filter with Automatic Frequency Tuning for a Direct Conversion IEEE802.11A Wireless LAN Receiver,”in Proc. ESSCIRC, pp. 103-106, 2004
[6] Teo, T.H.; Khoo, E.-S.; Uday, D“Gm-C complex transitional filter for low-IF wireless LAN application”In ICM.2003 Dec. Page(s):110 - 113
[7] Oshima, T.; Maio, K.; Hioe, W.; Shibahara, Y “Novel automatic tuning method of RC filters using a digital-DLL technique“ IEEE JSSC, Vo. 39 pp. 2052 - 2054, 2004

[8] Raisanen-Ruotsalainen, E.; Lasanen, K.; Sijander, M.; Kostamovaara, J“A low-power 5.4 kHz CMOS gm-C bandpass filter with on-chip center frequency tuning “ IEEE ISCAS, Page(s):IV-651 - IV-654 vol.4 ,2002
[9] Jaeyoung Shin; Sunki Min; Soosun Kim; Joongho Choi; Soohyoung Lee; Hojin Park; Jaewhui Kim“ 3.3-V baseband Gm-C filters for wireless transceiver applications“ IEEE ISCAS Page(s):I-457 - I-460 vol.1, 2003
[10] Rolf Schaumann, Mac E. Van Valkenburg, Design of Analog Filters, New York: Wiley, 1997

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