隨著顯示器科技的發展，立體顯示器已成為目前資訊時代的主流，但是現今的顯示技術仍存在某些問題需要解決。系統交錯殘影發生在左眼和右眼觀賞區域的漏光量，在裸眼立體顯示器中常常會嚴重影響視覺的品質，而3D 線索也是影響觀看者對於影像品質的重要因素，這些現象常造成使用者心理和生理的負擔。家用3D電視和電影正打入大眾市場，但是不適當的顯示器亮度和環境亮度將會影響觀看的影像品質。因此如何提高觀看者對於立體影像和觀看環境的舒適度是目前研究的重要課題。

本研究包含兩個實驗。第一個實驗探討交錯殘影和立體線索在barrier-type 和mirror-type立體顯示器對於觀看者的視覺疲勞度和影像品質的影響，此人因實驗共分為三個部分。第一部分探討mirror-type顯示器上的系統交錯殘影、陰影和線性透視，第二部份在分析人眼可接受的系統交錯殘影閾值，第三部份則比較barrier-type與mirror-type立體顯示器上的系統交錯殘影相對應閾值。研究結果顯示，系統交錯殘影、陰影和線性透視顯著影響觀看者對影像品質的評價，觀看mirror-type立體顯示器可以接受的系統交錯殘影閾值範圍為18.18%到22.98%；而barrier-type立體顯示器對應到mirror-type立體顯示器的系統交錯殘影閾值範圍為21.52%到30.46%，此數值高於mirror-type立體顯示器的可接受交錯殘影閾值範圍，並且發現呈現在barrier-type立體顯示器的影像內容，立體線索中的格紋和線性透視組合可提升影像品質的評價；由於本實驗中觀看立體顯示器僅10分鐘，因此並未顯著影響視覺疲勞。

第二個實驗延伸前一個實驗的範圍，探討顯示器亮度和環境照度對於靜態圖片和動態影片的影像知覺，兩種實驗影像在多視域的立體電視上播放：靜態圖片包含電腦繪圖和攝影的影像，動態影片含有真實生活和電玩動畫畫面，本實驗的受試者在不同水準的顯示器亮度和環境照度組合中，完成客觀疲勞度的量測和主觀舒適度的評量，實驗結果可得知觀看立體顯示器時的舒適亮度和照度環境。觀看靜態圖片時，當環境照度為55 Lux，較不會產生生理心理視覺疲勞度，而當顯示器亮度為34.2 cd/m2時，會有較佳的主觀舒適度和視覺績效；觀看動態影片時，在較亮（300 Lux）或全暗（0 Lux）的環境照度下，60 cd/m2的顯示器亮度會有較舒適的觀看環境。

本研究結果可當作立體顯示器的設計參考依據，其目的為使立體顯示器在市場中更具競爭力，並可提供給終端用戶，在使用上更為舒適。未來研究期望可以得到最佳的影像設計立體線索，探討更多會影響動態影片的因素，並建立品質良好的立體顯示器之準則。

3D displays have become the mainstream due to the development of display manufacturers. However, there have been some problems existed in current display technology. The crosstalk issue stemming from the leakage of light between viewing zones corresponding to the left and the right eyes is inevitable in some autostereoscopic displays and could sometimes be serious. 3D cues are also the major factors affecting viewers’ visual quality. These phenomena of 3D displays may increase viewers’ mental and physical loading. 3D TVs and movies have entered the mass market; however, the inadequate display luminance and ambient illumination might affect 3D image quality for viewers. As a result, it is a critical issue how to enhance the image quality of 3D images and the subject’s visual comfort on viewing 3D displays.

This study is composed of two experiments. The first research studied the effect of crosstalk and 3D cues upon viewers’ visual fatigue and image quality evaluation in both mirror-type 3D displays and barrier-type autostereoscopic displays. The first ergonomic experiment included three parts. First, the effect of system crosstalk, shadow, and linear perspective of 3D pictures in a mirror-type 3D display was verified. Second, an acceptable threshold level of system crosstalk was analyzed. Third, the fitting system crosstalk level in barrier-type autostereoscopic displays corresponding to that in mirror-type 3D displays was compared. The results showed that system crosstalk, shadow and linear perspective significantly affected image quality evaluation. The acceptable system crosstalk level in mirror-type 3D displays ranged from 18.18% to 22.98%. The fitting system crosstalk level in a barrier-type autostereoscopic display ranged from 21.52% to 30.46%, which was higher than that in a mirror-type 3D. In addition, the combination of 3D cues, grid and linear perspective, in a content of 3D images shown in a barrier-type autostereoscopic display could enhance the image quality evaluation. However, viewers replied neither visual fatigue nor visual discomfort when watching 3D pictures for only 10 minutes in this experiment.

The second experiment extended the first experiment to investigate whether screen luminance and ambient illumination have significant effects on the perception of 3D television imagery for static pictures and dynamic films. Two kinds of stimuli were shown on the multi-view stereoscopic display: the static pictures, which included computer-generated and photographic images, and the dynamic films, which contained real-life and animation images. In each treatment with a different level of screen luminance, subjects finished psychophysical and physiological measurements and subjective comfort evaluation. The results showed the suitable watching condition of luminance and ambient for 3D viewing experience. When subjects viewed 3D static pictures, ambient illumination of 55 Lux could produce the lower psychophysical visual fatigue, and screen luminance of 34.2 cd/m2 could cause better subjective comfort evaluation and visual discrimination performance. However, when subjects watched 3D dynamic films, screen luminance of 60 cd/m2 under brighter (300 Lux) or dark (0 Lux) ambient illumination was the better viewing condition.

The results of this study could be served as a reference for the design of 3D displays. In order to promote the 3D display in the market, industry will need to tackle all of these challenges to support content creators and provide features and ease of use that end users require. For the further study, it is expected to obtain the optimal 3D cues, and the various impactful viewing 3D factors of dynamic films to build up guidelines for a qualified autostereoscopic and stereoscopic display.

Aarås, A., Horgen, G., Bjørset, H. H., Ro, O., & Walsøe, H. (2001). Musculoskeletal, visual and psychosocial stress in VDU operators before and after multidisciplinary ergonomic interventions. A 6 years prospective study--Part II. Applied Ergonomics, 32(6), 559–571.
Barkowsky, M., & Le Callet, P. (2010). The influence of autostereoscopic 3D displays on subsequent task performance. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7524, pp. 752416–1–752416–8).
Boev, A., Hollosi, D., Gotchev, A., & Egiazarian, K. (2009). Classification and simulation of stereoscopic artifacts in mobile 3DTV content. Proc. SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging (p. 72371F).
Boydstun, A. S., Rogers, J. A., Tripp, L. M., & Patterson, R. (2009). Stereoscopic depth perception survives significant interocular luminance differences. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 17(5), 467–471.
Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and Motivation I : Defensive and Appetitive Reactions in Picture Processing. Emotion, 1(3), 276–298.
Braun, M., Leiner, U., & Ruschin, D. (2011). Evaluating motion parallax and stereopsis as depth cues for autostereoscopic displays. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7863, pp. 786308–1–786308–12).
Bülthoff, H. H., & Mallot, H. A. (1988). Integration of depth modules: stereo and shading. Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 5(10), 1749–1758.
Cavanagh, P., & Leclerc, Y. G. (1989). Shape from shadows. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 15(1), 3–27.
Chakrabarti, K., Kaczmarek, R. V., Thomas, J. A., & Romanyukha, A. (2003). Effect of room illuminance on monitor black level luminance and monitor calibration. Journal of digital imaging : the official journal of the Society for Computer Applications in Radiology, 16(4), 350–355.
Chawla, A. S., & Samei, E. (2007). Ambient illumination revisited: a new adaptation-based approach for optimizing medical imaging reading environments. Medical Physics, 34(1), 81–90.
Chen, C. C., Hwang, S. L., & Wen, C. H. (2008). Measurement of human visual perception for Mura with some features. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 16(9), 969–976.
Chen, L., Tu, Y., Liu, W., Li, Q., Teunissen, K., & Heynderickx, I. (2008). Investigation of crosstalk in a 2-view 3D display. Society for Information Display Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 39(1), 1138–1141.
Chen, W., Fournier, J., Barkowsky, M., & Callet, P. Le. (2010). New requirements of subjective video quality assessment methodologies for 3DTV. Video Processing and Quality Metrics.
Chen, W., Fournier, J., Barkowsky, M., & Le Callet, P. (2012). Quality of experience model for 3DTV. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 8288, p. 82881P–82881P–9).
Chiang, C. Y., Chen, K. T., Chang, Y. C., & Huang, Y. P. (2009). The effect of crosstalk for stereoscopic 3D “dynamic” moving images. Society for Information Display Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 40(1), 808–811.
Choi, H. J. (2011). Current status of stereoscopic 3D LCD TV technologies. 3D Research, 2(2), 1–4.
Chung, H. H., & Lu, S. (2003). Contrast-ratio analysis of sunlight-readable color LCDs for outdoor applications. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 11(1), 237–242.
Cockburn, A., & Mckenzie, B. (2001). 3D or not 3D ? Evaluating the effect of the third dimension in a document management system. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 434–441).
Cockburn, A., & Mckenzie, B. (2002). Evaluating the effectiveness of spatial memory in 2D and 3D physical and virtual evnironments. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vol. 4, pp. 203–210).
Cutting, J. E., & Millard, R. T. (1984). Three gradients and the perception of flat and curved surfaces. Journal of Experimental Psychology General, 113(2), 198–216.
Cutting, James E, & Vishton, P. M. (1995). Perceiving layout and knowing distances : the integration , relative potency , and contextual use of different information about depth. In W. Epstein & S. Rogers (Ed.), Handbook of perception and cognition (Vol. 5, pp. 69–117). San Diego: Academic Press.
Ding, Y. T., Hwang, S. L., Chang, K. C., Wang, S. P., Lai, Y. Y., & Liao, W. H. (2011). The factors of image quality in autostereoscopic display. 3rd International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics.
Dixon, S., Fitzhugh, E., & Aleva, D. (2009). Human factors guidelines for applications of 3D perspectives: a literature review. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7327, pp. 73270K–1–73270K–11).
Dodgson, N. A. (2005). Autostereoscopic 3D displays. Computer, 38(8), 31–36.
Duffy, V. G., & Chan, A. H. S. (2002). Effects of virtual lighting on visual performance and eye fatigue. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 12(2), 193–209.
Eichhorn, A., Ni, P., & Eg, R. (2010). Randomised pair comparison - an economic and robust method for audiovisual quality assessment. Proc. 20th International Workshop on Network and Operating Systems Support for Digital Audio and Video (pp. 63–68).
Fletcher, K., Sutherland, S., & Nugent, K. (2009). Identification of text and symbols on a liquid crystal display. Part II: contrast and luminance settings to optimise legibility.
Goodenough, B., & Gillam, B. (1997). Gradients as visual primitives. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23(2), 370–387.
H. Gernsheim and A. Gernsheim. (1969). The history of photography: from the camera obscura to the beginning of the modern era. London: Thames & Hudson.
Ho, C. P. (2008). Effect of work/rest patterns and lumbar support belt on data-entry task. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Industrial Engineers, 25(1), 43–51.
Hong, H. K., Jang, J. W., Lee, D. G., Lim, M. J., & Shin, H. H. (2010). Analysis of angular dependence of 3-D technology using polarized eyeglasses. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 18(1), 8–12.
Hosokawa, T., Mikami, K., & Saito, K. (1997). Basic study of the portable fatigue meter: effects of illumination, distance from eyes and age. Ergonomics, 40(9), 887–894.
Huang, K. C., Yang, J. C., Wu, C. L., Lee, K., & Hwang, S. L. (2010). System-Crosstalk effect on stereopsis human factor study for 3D displays. Proc. SPIE-IS&T (Vol. 7524, pp. 75240U–1–75240U–8).
Idesawa, M., & Zhang, Q. (1997). Occlusion cues and sustaining cues in 3-D illusory object perception with binocular viewing. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 3077, pp. 770–781).
Ijsselsteijn, W. A., Seuntiëns, P. J. H., & Meesters, L. M. J. (2006). Human factors of 3D displays. In O. Schreer, P. Kauff, & T. Sikora (Eds.), 3D Videocommunication: Algorithms, Concepts and Real-time Systems in Human-centred Communication (pp. 219–234). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
International Committee for Display Metrology (ICDM). (2012). Information display measurements standard (pp. 333, 341).
ITU-R. (1995). Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures (pp. 500–507).
ITU-R. (2002). Methodology for the subjective assessment of the quality of television pictures (pp. 500–511).
ITU-T. (1996). Methods for subjective determination of transmission quality (p. 800).
ITU-T. (2008). Subjective video quality assessment methods for multimedia application (p. 910).
Iwasaki, T., & Akiya, S. (1991). The significance of changes in CFF values during performance on a VDT-based visual task. In M. Kumashiro & E. D. Megaw (Eds.), Towards Human Work: Solutions to Problems in Occupational Health and Safety (pp. 352–357). London: Taylor & Francis.
Kaptein, M. C., Nass, C., & Markopoulos, P. (2010). Powerful and consistent analysis of likert-type ratingscales. Proc. 28th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing systems (pp. 2391–2394). ACM Press.
Kaptein, R., & Heynderickx, I. (2007). Effect of crosstalk in multi-view autostereoscopic 3D displays on perceived image quality. Society for Information Display Symposium Digest of Technical Papers, 38(1), 1220–1223.
Kennedy, R. S., Lane, N. E., Berbaum, K. S., & Lilienthal, M. G. (1993). Simulator sickness questionnaire: an enhanced method for quantifying simulator sickness. The International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3(3), 203–220.
Kim, D., Choi, S., & Sohn, K. (2011). Depth adjustment for stereoscopic images and subjective preference evaluation. Journal of Electronic Imaging, 20(3), 033011–1–033011–8.
Ko, Y. Y., Liu, C. C., Hwang, S. L., Liao, W. H., Chang, K. C., & Wu, C. S. (2009). Human factors assessment on display type and viewing angle of stereoscopic displays. The 18th Annual Meeting of the Ergonomics Society of Taiwan.
Kooi, F. L., & Toet, A. (2004). Visual comfort of binocular and 3D displays. Displays, 25(2-3), 99–108.
Kubo, M., Ochi, T., Narutaki, Y., Shinomiya, T., & Ishii, Y. (2000). Development of Advanced TFT-LCD with good legibility under any ambient light intensity. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 8(4), 299–304.
Lambooij, M., Fortuin, M., Ijsselsteijn, W. A., & Heynderickx, I. (2009). Measuring visual discomfort associated with 3D displays. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7237, pp. 72370K–1–72370K–12).
Lambooij, M., IJsselsteijn, W., Fortuin, M., & Heynderickx, I. (2009). Visual discomfort and visual fatigue of stereoscopic displays: a review. Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 53(3), 030201–1–030201–14.
Lin, C. C. (2005). Effects of screen luminance combination and text color on visual performance with TFT-LCD. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 35(3), 229–235.
Lin, C. C., & Huang, K. C. (2006). Effects of ambient illumination and screen luminance combination on character identification performance of desktop TFT-LCD monitors. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 36(3), 211–218.
Lin, C. J., Feng, W. Y., Chao, C. J., & Tseng, F. Y. (2008). Effects of VDT workstation lighting conditions on operator visual workload. Industrial health, 46(2), 105–111.
Liou, J. C., Lee, K., Tseng, F. G., Huang, J. F., Yen, W. T., & Hsu, W. L. (2009). Shutter glasses stereo LCD with a dynamic backlight. Proc. SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging (Vol. 7237, pp. 72370X–1–72370X–8).
Lipton, L. (1982). Foundations of the stereoscopic cinema: a study in depth (pp. 128–133). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Lipton, L. (1987). Factors affecting “ghosting” in time-multiplexed piano-stereoscopic CRT display systems. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 0761, pp. 75–78).
Lipton, L. (2009). Glossary. Retrieved May 15, 2013, from http://lennylipton.wordpress.com/2009/03/16/glossary/
Liu, C. C., Hwang, S. L., Schenkman, B., Chang, K. J., & Liao, W. H. (2009). Ergonomics evaluation of viewing time on medium size of displays. The 18th Annual Meeting of the Ergonomics Society of Taiwan.
Mackenzie, W. (1843). On asthenopia or weak-sightedness. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 60, 73–103.
Meesters, L. M. J., IJsselsteijn, W. A., & Seuntiens, P. J. H. (2004). A Survey of Perceptual Evaluations and Requirements of Three-Dimensional TV. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, 14(3), 381–391.
Ntuen, C. A., Goings, M., Reddin, M., & Holmes, K. (2009). Comparison between 2-D & 3-D using an autostereoscopic display: The effects of viewing field and illumination on performance and visual fatigue. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 39(2), 388–395.
Olson, R. K. (1974). Slant judgments from static and rotating trapezoids correspond to rules of perspective geometry. Perception and Psychophysics, 15(3), 509–516.
Patterson, R., & Silzars, A. (2009). Immersive stereo displays, intuitive reasoning, and cognitive engineering. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 17(5), 443–448.
Pölönen, M., Salmimaa, M., Aaltonen, V., Häkkinen, J., & Takatalo, J. (2009). Subjective measures of presence and discomfort in viewers of color separation-based stereoscopic cinema. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 17(5), 459–466.
Pölönen, M., Salmimaa, M., & Häkkinen, J. (2011). Effect of ambient illumination level on perceived autostereoscopic display quality and depth perception. Displays, 32(3), 135–141.
Rempel, A. G., Heidrich, W., Li, H., & Mantiuk, R. (2009). Video viewing preferences for HDR displays under varying ambient illumination. Proc. 6th Symposium on Applied Perception in Graphics and Visualization (pp. 45–52).
Sakata, H., Tsutsui, K., & Taira, M. (2005). Toward an understanding of the neural processing for 3D shape perception. Neuropsychologia, 43(2), 151–161.
Seuntiëns, P. J. H., Meesters, L. M. J., & IJsselsteijn, W. A. (2005). Perceptual attributes of crosstalk in 3D images. Displays, 26(4-5), 177–183.
Shah, D. A., & Madden, L. V. (2004). Nonparametric analysis of ordinal data in designed factorial experiments. Phytopathology, 94(1), 33–43.
Sheskin, D. J. (2004). Handbook of parametric and nonparametric statistical procedures (3rd ed.). Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Shibata, T., Kurihara, S., Kawai, T., Takahashi, T., Shimizu, T., Kawada, R., Ito, A., et al. (2009). Evaluation of stereoscopic image quality for mobile devices using interpretation based quality methodology. Proc. SPIE (pp. 72371E–1–72371E–8).
Siegel, M. (2001). Perceptions of crosstalk and the possibility of a zoneless autostereoscopic display. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 4297, pp. 34–41).
Suryakumar, R., Meyers, J. P., Irving, E. L., & Bobier, W. R. (2007a). Vergence accommodation and monocular closed loop blur accommodation have similar dynamic characteristics. Vision Research, 47(3), 327–337.
Suryakumar, R., Meyers, J. P., Irving, E. L., & Bobier, W. R. (2007b). Application of video-based technology for the simultaneous measurement of accommodation and vergence. Vision Research, 47(2), 260–268.
Suzumura, A. (1981). Visual fatigue. Ganka, 23(8), 799–804.
Takahashi, K., Sasaki, H., Saito, T., Hosokawa, T., Kurasaki, M., & Saito, K. (2001). Combined effects of working environmental conditions in VDT work. Ergonomics, 44(5), 562–570.
Taylor, P. (1960). The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (pp. 32, 37, 38). New York: Plume.
Tomaz Roque, L. M. M. P. (2009). Quality Evaluation of Coded Video. Instituto Superior Técnico.
Tsirlin, I., Wilcox, L. M., & Allison, R. S. (2011). The effect of crosstalk on depth magnitude in thin structures. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7863, pp. 786313–1–786313–10).
Wang, L., Teunissen, K., Tu, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, P., Zhang, T., & Heynderickx, I. (2011). Crosstalk evaluation in stereoscopic displays. Journal of Display Technology, 7(4), 208–214.
Wang, P. C., Huang, H. Y., Chuang, C. F., Hwang, S. L., Lee, K., & Yang, J. C. (2010). The Major Quality Factors on Two-view Autostereoscopic Displays. 3rd International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics.
Wang, P. C., & Hwang, S. L. (2009). Mura type effect on human vision inspection. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 17(8), 671–680.
Wang, P. C., Hwang, S. L., Chen, C. S., & Chen, K. Y. (2012). Luminance effects influencing perception of 3-D TV imagery. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 20(4), 197–207.
Wheatstone, C. (1838). Contributions to the physiology of vision -- part the first . On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, 128, 371–394.
Wickens, C. D. & Hollands, J. G. (2004). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance (3rd ed.). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Wilcox, L. M., & Stewart, J. A. D. (2003). Determinants of perceived image quality: ghosting vs. brightness. Proc. SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging (Vol. 5006, pp. 263–268).
Woods, A. J. (1993). Image distortions in stereoscopic video systems. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 1915, pp. 36–48).
Woods, A. J. (2010). Understanding Crosstalk in Stereoscopic Displays. Three-Dimensional Systems and Applications) Conference (pp. 34–44).
Woods, A. J. (2011). How are crosstalk and ghosting defined in the stereoscopic literature. Proc. SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging (Vol. 7863, pp. 78630Z–1–78630Z–12).
Woods, A. J., & Harris, C. R. (2010). Comparing levels of crosstalk with red/cyan, blue/yellow, and green/magenta anaglyph 3D glasses. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7524, pp. 75240Q–1–75240Q–12).
Wu, H. C., Lee, C. L., Lin, C. T., & Cheng, S. W. (2007). Ergonomic evaluation of three popular Chinese e-book displays for prolonged reading. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 37(9-10), 761–770.
Wu, S. P., Yang, C. H., Ho, C. P., & Jane, D. H. (2009). VDT screen height and inclination effects on visual and musculoskeletal discomfort for Chinese wheelchair users with spinal cord injuries. Industrial health, 47(1), 89–93.
Xing, L., Ebrahimi, T., & Perkis, A. (2010). Subjective evaluation of stereoscopic crosstalk perception. Proc. SPIE (pp. 77441V–1–77441V–9).
Yang, C. M., Han, H. Y., Yang, M. H., Su, W. C., & Lane, T. (2010). What subjective experiences determine the perception of falling asleep during sleep onset period. Consciousness and cognition, 19(4), 1084–1092.
Yang, J. C., Huang, K. C., Wu, C. L., Lee, K., & Hwang, S. L. (2010a). Human Factor Study on the Crosstalk of Multi-view Autostereoscopic Displays. Proc. SPIE (Vol. 7690, pp. 769010–1–769010–9).
Yang, J. C., Huang, K. C., Wu, C. L., Lee, K., & Hwang, S. L. (2010b). Human factor study on the crosstalk of multiview autostereoscopic displays. Prof. SPIE (Vol. 7690, pp. 769010–1–769010–9).
Yano, S., Emoto, M., & Mitsuhashi, T. (2004). Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images. Displays, 25(4), 141–150.
Yonas, A., & Granrud, C. E. (1985). The development of sensitivity to kinetic, binocular, and pictorial depth information in human infants. In D. J. Ingle, M. Jeannerod, & D. N. Lee (Eds.), Brain Mechanisms and Spatial Vision (pp. 113–145). Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff.
Yuan, S. C., Chou, M. C., Chen, C. J., Lin, Y. J., Chen, M. C., Liu, H. H., & Kuo, H. W. (2011). Influences of shift work on fatigue among nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 19(3), 339–45.