本報告試圖探討操作量子元件，其中一個非常核心的問題。如果驅使量子態 進入一個非平衡態，那其是否還能保有原本的相干性? 二十世紀，人類進入了 量子的紀元。如今二十一世紀，科學家們已經成功利用微波、磁場、粒子數或 庫倫作用力...等，來操控量子態。每一次的操控，都會驅使量子態進入短暫非平 衡的狀態，也被稱為”去平衡態”，進而對量子態的相位都會產生額外的相位。 意味著操作量子元件這動作的本身，會造成量子態的去相干性。為了研究這現 象，我們選擇了費米子和玻色子兩種系統的量子元件。本報告分成兩個部分， 第一部分會介紹費米子系統的實驗，第二部分為玻色子系統的實驗。

第一部分的費米子量子元件，我們採納阿哈羅諾夫-博姆(Aharonov-Bohm, AB)環作為量子干涉儀，建立在二維電子氣系統裡。報告了在高頻電磁場和表 面聲波(Surface acoustic wave, SAW)存在的情況下，彈道傳輸下，電子量子干 涉儀的去相干過程的研究。該元件由夾在一對指叉電極(Interdigital transducer, IDT)之間的AB環組成，其AB環作為相位感測器，IDTs作為可控制環境雜訊源。我們透過指叉電極產生的表面聲波作用於環，並從AB振盪中提取了去相干 速率。我們研究了由熱電磁場、SAW聲電流引起的去相干過程的相互作用。透 過應用射頻功率，我們得到了一個去相干的頻譜，從中觀察到了在沒有熱加熱 的情況下高頻電磁場引發的相位衰減，並確定了SAW操作無退相干的條件。去 相干的機制歸因於在電磁場和SAW存在的情況下電荷-電荷相互作用的增強。我 們的研究對於利用SAW效應開發飛行量子位元技術具有重要意義。

第二部分的玻色子系統，我們使用聚焦離子束製程，製作超導約瑟夫森 約束結(constriction junction, ScS)，並製作成超導量子干涉儀(Superconductor quantum interferrometer, SQUID)的幾何形狀，作為實驗的元件。此部分展 示了在接近乾淨和短極限的ScS中，由多重安德烈夫反射（Multiple Andreev reflection, MAR）引發的冷卻效應在熱遲滯中的作用。透過分析單一ScS和μ- SQUID配置的電流-電壓（I − V）曲線，我們觀察到在超過臨界電流（Ic）和低於能隙（Δ）時電壓的特定增量。這些增量反映了一種在額外電流作用下的超導態增強現象，特別是在V ≤ Δ/e時，與MAR相關的冷卻效應。此外，我們還發 現，在μ-SQUID處於耗散狀態時，正常電流和約瑟夫森超電流可以同時存在， 這是由安德烈夫束縛態的準粒子驅動的。本研究闡釋了小尺度超導體中去平衡 準粒子動態鬆弛過程，為加速超導設備的開發提供了寶貴的視角。

This report examines the impact of non-equilibrium dynamics on quantum coherence in fermionic and bosonic quantum devices. When quantum states are manipulated—whether through microwaves, magnetic fields, particle control, or Coulomb interactions—they are temporarily driven out of equilibrium, leading to phase accumulation and potential decoherence. To investigate this effect, we conduct experiments on two distinct systems: the first part of this report focuses on a fermionic quantum device, while the second part examines a bosonic system.

In the first part, fermionic quantum devices, we adopt the Aharonov-Bohm (AB) ring as a quantum interferometer, established within a two-dimensional electron gas system. We investigate the decoherence mechanisms in an electron quantum interferometer subjected to high-frequency electromagnetic fields and surface acoustic waves (SAWs). The device features an AB ring positioned between two Interdigital Transducers (IDTs), where the AB ring functions as a phase-sensitive probe, while the IDTs serve as tunable sources of environmental disturbances. We applied SAWs generated by IDTs to the ring and extracted the decoherence rate from the AB oscillations. Our study explores the interaction of decoherence processes caused by thermally induced EM fields and SAW-induced piezoelectric currents. By applying RF power, we obtained a decoherence spectrum, observing phase attenuation induced by high-frequency EM fields without thermal heating and determining the conditions for SAW operations that do not lead to decoherence. The mechanism of decoherence is attributed to the enhanced charge-charge interactions in the presence of EM fields and SAWs. Our research is significant for developing flying qubit technology utilizing SAW effects.

In the second part, for the bosonic system, we used focused ion beam processes to fabricate superconducting constriction junctions (ScS) and shape them into Superconductor Quantum Interferometer device(SQUID) geometries as experimental device. This part demonstrates the cooling effect induced by Multiple Andreev Reflection (MAR) in the thermal hysteresis of ScS near the clean and short limit. By analyzing the current-voltage (I − V ) profiles of individual ScS and μ-SQUIDs, we observed specific voltage increments beyond the critical current (Ic) and below the energy gap (Δ). These increments reflect an enhanced superconducting state under the influence of additional current, particularly a cooling effect associated with MAR at V ≤ Δ/e. Furthermore, we found that in the dissipative state of the μ-SQUID, both normal and Josephson supercurrents coexist, driven by Andreev quasiparticles. Our findings provide an insightful understanding of nonequilibrium quasiparticle relaxation in mesoscopic superconducting systems and have strong implications for developing superconducting devices.

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