本論文研究言談訊息是否以形式特徵存在於句法運算系統裡。我探討漢語的關聯主題和非語句結構等兩種現象，指出其語意的詮釋性必須依賴言談語境以及透過補詞層和詞彙層的左緣結構來體現其句法特性。我進而主張漢語有兩種手段觸發句法－言談介面銜接。
漢語的關聯主題在前人文獻已經探討甚多，其句法位置和訊息結構特徵有著不同的分析。我提出新的觀察，指出漢語關聯主題應該分成三大類。我根據句法測試及其訊息結構主張漢語的關聯主題句應該視為XP-分裂結句。我採用Fanselow and Cavár’s (2002)分布刪除分析，提出關聯主題句是透過一連串特徵檢驗過程而生成的。XP由兩個詞組所組成，此兩詞組在詞列階段已經和主題特徵與焦點特徵分別合併。在句法階段，則是分別在補詞層和詞彙層左緣功能投射組進行特徵檢驗。關聯主題句的生成顯示主題和焦點在詞列階段進入句法操作，透過特徵檢驗手段現行於句法結構樹上。
非語句的結構儘管缺乏完整的句法骨架，但是可以蘊含子句標示、施為念力以及說話者/聽話者等言談訊息。承接Sigurðsson & Maling (2009)和Tsai (2016)的精神，我指出漢語非語句有完整補詞層結構，以句法形式實體化言談訊息。然而，不同於施用於關聯主題的特徵查核機制，我主張言談訊息並非在詞列階段就以形式特徵存在，取而代之的是透過言談行為投影層，分別由兩個言語行為功能投射組組成，分別體現了說話者與聽話者言談中的攸關性。
本文所探討的兩種現象指出漢語擁有兩種手段使句法與言談銜接。第一種手段為在詞列階段，將訊息結構相關的特徵與詞彙項目合併。接著，在句法階段，透過在補詞層/詞彙層的左緣的相關功能投射組完成特徵檢驗。第二種手段則是透過言談行為投影層內的兩個言語行為功能投射組，將說話者與聽話者等相關言談概念，帶入句法層面。換言之，說話者與聽話者這兩種言談概念並非以形式特徵出現於詞列階段，而是由言語行為功能投射組來體現該概念。本文所提的兩種介面手段和漢語句法高分析性息息相關。除此之外，本文更進一步指出言談可以內化為語法的一部分。

The goal of this dissertation is to investigate whether discourse notions are active in the syntactic computation or outside the domain of it. I document two phenomena in Mandarin, Aboutness Topic (AT) and Nonsententials (NS), whose interpretative import is acutely sensitive to the discourse context and needs to be syntactically substantiated in the articulated peripheral structure of CP/vP. In particular, I propose that there are two means to activate the syntax-discourse interface permitted by the computation system.
Mandarin AT has been discussed at great length in the previous scholarship, and its designated position and information structural properties receive a variety of analyses. Nonetheless, I offer novel observations showing that AT in Mandarin can be analyzed on a par with XP-split constructions, according to a battery of diagnostics and its information structural makeup. Following Fanselow and Cavár’s (2002) analysis, I propose that AT results from successive feature-checking processes in which a XP, whose sub-parts are merged with two disparate features (topic and focus) in the numeration, permits its subparts to undergo feature checking in corresponding functional projections and to be spelt out differently in the left periphery of CP/vP. The case of AT concludes that topic and focus are accessible in the numeration and corresponding functional projections are merged for feature-checking purposes in order for the derivation to converge.
NSs, whose syntactic structure is considerably reduced, are able to encode clause typing information, illocutionary force and the involvement of SPEAKER and HEARER/ADDRESSEE. Following the line of reasoning in Sigurðsson & Maling (2009) and Tsai (2016), I propose that NSs have a fully-fledged peripheral structure of CP, according to the effects exerted upon their interpretation. Different from the feature-checking mechanism activated for AT, I argue that no discourse properties are accessible in the numeration and drive the derivation. Rather, a speech act layer, a supra-sentential layer, merges to and dominates ForceP, and is responsible for the encoding of the relevant discourse properties.
The two phenomena of inquiry suggest two means to activate the syntax-discourse interface. On the one hand, the syntax-discourse interface can be activated by merging lexical items with strong informational structural features that have to be checked by corresponding function projections in the periphery of CP/vP, along the lines of Aboh’s (2010) view that the interface starts with the numeration. On the other hand, a cluster of discourse properties, such as SPEAKER and HEARER/ADDRESSEE, cannot be treated as formal features driving the derivation and, however, can be concretized by another supra-sentential layer, the speech act layer. The two means are made available due to the analyticity of Mandarin syntax. The major consequence of this work is to show that the theory of discourse is closely tied to the architecture of grammar in general.

Abels, Klaus. 2012. The Italian left periphery: a view from locality. Linguistic Inquiry 43(2): 229-254.
Abney, S. 1987. The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Aboh, Enoch O. 2004. Left or right? A view from the Kwa periphery. In Peripheries: Syntactic Edges and Their Effects, ed. by David Adger, Cécile de Cat and George Tsoulas, 165–189. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Aboh, Enoch Oladé. 2007. Leftward focus versus rightward focus: The Kwa-Bantu conspiracy. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 15: 81–104.
Aboh, Enoch Oladé. 2010. Information structuring begins with the numeration. International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 2(1): 12-42.
Adger, David. 2007. Three domains of finiteness: A minimalist perspective. In Finiteness: Theoretical and Empirical Foundations, ed. by Irina Nikolaeva, 23–58. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Arregi, Karlos. 2003. Focus on Basque movements. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Badan, L., & Del Gobbo, F. 2011. On the syntax of topic and focus in Chinese. In Mapping the Left Periphery, ed. by P. Beninca & N. Munaro, 63–90. Oxford: Oxford University Press
Badan, Linda. 2007. High and low periphery: A comparison between Italian and Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, Università degli Studi di Padova, Italy.
Barton, Ellen and Progovac, Ljljana. 2005. Nonsententials in minimalism. In Ellipsis and Nonsentential Speech, ed. by R. Elugardo and R. J. Stainton, 71-93. Netherlands: Springer.
Barton, Ellen L. 1998. The grammar of telegraphic structures. Journal of English Linguistics 26(1): 37-67.
Barton, Ellen. 1990. Nonsentential constituents: A theory of grammatical structure and pragmatic interpretation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Barton, Ellen. 2006. Toward a nonsentential analysis in generative grammar. In The Syntax of Nonsententials: Multidisciplinary Perspectives [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today,93], ed. by Ljiljana Progovac, Kate Paesani, Eugenia Casielles and Ellen Barton, 11-31. John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Belletti, Adriana. 2004. Aspects of the low IP area. In the Structure of CP and IP: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, vol. 2, ed. by Luigi Rizzi, 16-51. New York-Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Benincà, Paola, and Cecilia Poletto. 2004. Topic, focus and V2: Defining the CP sublayers.In The structure of CP and IP, vol. 3, ed. by Rizzi, L. , 52-75.
Bennis, H., N. Corver & M. Den Dikken. 1998. Predication in nominal phrases. TheJournal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 1: 85-117.
Beyssade, C. and Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin. 2005. A syntax-based analysis of predication. In SALT XV, ed. by E. Georgala and J. Howell, 44-61. NY, Cornell University.
Bianchi, V. & Frascarelli, M. 2010. Is topic a root phenomenon?. IBERIA: An International Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 2: 43–88.
Broekhuis, Hans. 2016. Object movement (object shift and scrambling). LingBuzz.
Carstens, Vicki. 2003. Rethinking complementizer agreement. Linguistic Inquiry 34.3: 393-412.
Cecchetto, Carlo. 1999. A comparative analysis of left and right dislocation in Romance. Studia Linguistica 53(1): 40-67.
Chafe, Wallace L. 1976. Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics and point of view. In Subject and Topic, ed. by Charles N. Li, 27-55. New York, Academic Press.
Chao, Yuen-Ren. 1968. Grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Cheng, L. L.-S., and Vicente, Luis. 2013. Verb doubling in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 22(1): 1-37.
Cheng. L.-S Lisa. 1997. On the typology of wh-questions. Garland, New York .
Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang. 2008. Wh-fronting in Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, USC.
Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang. 2013. On the distribution of Topics and Foci in Mandarin: A cartographic solution. Modern Foreign Languages 36(1): 10-17.
Cheung, Candice Chi-Hang. 2015. On the fine structure of the left periphery: The positions of topic and focus in Cantonese. In The Cartography of Chinese Syntax: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume 11 (Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax), ed. by W.-T. Dylan Tsai, 75-130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chiang, Yu-Chuan Lucy. 2015. On right dislocation in Mandarin Chinese. MA thesis, National Taiwan Normal University.
Choi, Jaehoon. 2016. The discourse particle -YO in Korean: Its implications for the clausal architecture. RGG 38: 65-73.
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures on Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
Chomsky, Noam. 1993. A minimalist program for linguistic theory. In The View from Building 20, ed. by Kenneth Hale and Samuel J. Keyser, 1-52. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1995. The minimalist program. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In Step by Step. Essays on Minimalist Syntax in Honor of Howard Lasnik, ed. by R. Martin, D. Michaels, & J. Uriagereka, 89-155. Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by Phase. In A Life in Language, ed. by M. Kenstowicz and Ken Hale, 1-52. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Cinque, Guglielmo and Luigi Rizzi. 2010. The cartography of syntactic structures. In The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Analysis, ed. by B. Heine and H. Narrog, 51-65. Oxford University Press, Oxford, New York.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1997. ‘Topic’ Constructions in some European languages and ‘Connectedness’. In Materials on Left Dislocation, ed. by E. Anagnostopoulou, Henk van Riemsdijk and F. Zwarts, 93-118. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 2002. Functional structure in DP and IP. In The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume 1, ed. by Guglielmo Cinque. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cinque, Gugliemo, 1999. Adverbs and functional heads: A cross-linguistic perspective. New York: Oxford University Press.
Cinque, Gugliemo. 1993. A null theory of phrase and compound stress. Linguistic Inquiry 24: 239-297.
Constant, Noah. 2014. Contrastive topic: Meanings and realizations. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Culicover, P and Jackendoff, R. 2005. Simpler Syntax. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Dayal, Veneeta. 2004. Number marking, and (in)definiteness in kind terms. Linguistics and Philosophy. 27: 393-450.
De Cat, Cécile & Tsoulas, George. 2006. The structure of fragments in (child) French. In Language Acquisition and Development. Proceedings of GALA 2005, ed. by A. Belleti, E. Bennati, C. Chesi, E. Di Domenico, I. Ferrari, 142-147. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholar Press.
De Cat, Cécile. 2012. Towards an interface definition of root phenomena. In Main Clause Phenomena: New Horizons (Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 190), ed. by Lobke Aelbrecht, Liliane Haegeman and Rachel Nye, 135-158. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
De Cat, Cécile. 2013. Root phenomena as interface phenomena: Evidence from non-sententials. In Syntax and its Limits, ed. by Folli, R, Sevdali, C. and Truswell, R, 122-136. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Del Gobbo, Francesca & Linda Badan. 2007. On the syntax of topic and focus and Chinese. Paper presented in Linguistic Society of America Annual Meeting.
Diesing, Molly. 1992. Indefinites. Cambridge, MA. MIT Press.
Emonds, J. 1970. Root and structure-preserving transformations. Doctoral dissertation, MIT
Emonds, Joseph. 2004. Unspecified categories as the key to root constructions. In Peripheries: Syntactic Edges and their Effects, ed. by David Adger, Cécile de Cat & Georges Tsoulas (eds.), 75–120. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Engdahl, Elisabet. 1983. Parasitic gaps: A history. Linguistics and Philosophy 6: 5-34.
Erlewine, Michael Yoshitaka. 2017. Low sentence-final particles in Mandarin Chinese and the Final-over-Final Constraint. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 26: 37–75.
Ernst, Thomas. 2014. Adverbial adjuncts in Mandarin Chinese. In The Handbook of Chinese Linguistics, ed. by C.-T. James Huang, Y.-H. Audrey Li and Andrew Simpson, 49-72. Wiley-Blackwell.
Espinal, M. Teresa. 2013. On the structure of vocatives. In Vocative!: Addressing between System and Performance, ed. by Barbara Sonnenhauser and Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna, 109-132. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Fanselow, Gisbert and Lenertová, Denisa. 2011. Left peripheral focus: Mismatches between syntax and information structure. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 29: 169-209.
Fanselow, Gisbert, and Damir Cavar. 2002a. Distributed deletion. In Theoretical Approaches to Universals [volume 49 of Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today], ed. by Artemis Alexiadou, 65—107. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Fanselow, Gisbert. 1987. Konfigurationalität. Untersuchungen zur Universalgrammatik am Besipiel des Deutschen. Studien zur deutschen Grammatik vol. 29. Tübingen: Narr.
Fanselow, Gisbert. 2002b. Quirky subjects and other specifiers. In More than Words, ed. by Ingrid Kaufmann and Barbara Stiebels, 227–250. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Folli, Raffaela, Christina Sevdali, and Robert Truswell. 2013. Introduction. In Syntax and Its Limits, ed. by Folli, Raffaela, Christina Sevdali, and Robert Truswell, 1-15. Oxford University Press.
Fortin, Catherine. 2007.Some (not all) nonsententials are only a phase. Lingua 117(1): 67-94.
Frascarelli, Maria & Roland Hinterhölzl. 2003. Types of topics in German and Italian. Handout given at Workshop on Information Structure and the Architecture of Grammar: A Typological Perspective. University of Tübingen, February 1-2.
Frey, Werner. 2005. Zur Syntax der linken peripherie im Deutschen. In Deutsche Syntax: Empirie und Theorie, ed. Franz Josef d’Avis, 147–171. Göteborg.
Gärtner, Hans-Martin, and Markus Steinbach. 2006. A skeptical note on the syntax of speech acts and point of view. In Form, Structure, Grammar, ed. by Patrick Brandt and Eric Fuß, 213-22. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Grano, Thomas. 2017. Finiteness contrasts without Tense? A view from Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 26(3): 259-299.
Grewendorf, Günther. 2002. Left dislocation as movement. In Georgetown University Working Papers in Theoretical Linguistics, ed. by Simon Mauck and Jenny Mittelstaedt, 31-81.
Haegeman, L. & V. Hill. 2013. The syntacticization of discourse. In Syntax and its Limits, ed. by Folli, R., R. Truswell and C. Sevdali, 370-390. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haegeman, L. 2002. Anchoring to speaker, adverbial clauses and the structure of CP. GUWPIL 2: 117-180.
Haegeman, L. 2003. Conditional clauses: External and internal syntax. Mind and Language 18: 317-339.
Haegeman, L. 2004. Topicalization, CLLD and the left periphery. In the Proceedings of the Dislocated Element Workshop. ZAS Papers in Linguistics (35): 157-192.
Haegeman, L. 2006a. Conditionals, factives, and the left periphery. Lingua 116: 1651-1659.
Haegeman, L. 2006b. Argument fronting in English, Romance CLLD and the left periphery. In Negation, Tense and Clausal Architecture: Cross-linguistic Investigations, ed. by R. Zanutti, H. Campos, E. Herburger, P. Portner, 27-52. Goergetown University Press.
Haegeman, L. 2008. The syntax of adverbial clauses and the licensing of main clause phenomena: Truncation or intervention? Paper presented at the 31st GLOW Conference, University of Newcastle.
Haegeman, L. 2010. The internal syntax of adverbial clauses. Lingua 120: 628-648.
Haegeman, L. 2011. Locality and the distribution of main clause phenomena. Ms. University
Haegeman, L. 2012a. The syntax of main clause phenomena: Deriving truncation. In Main Clause Phenomena: New Horizons, ed. by Lobke Aelbrecht, Liliane Haegeman, and Rachel Nye, 113-134. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Haegeman, L. 2012b. Adverbial clauses. In Main Clause Phenomena, and the Composition of the Left Periphery: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures. Oxford Studies in Comparative Syntax: Volume 8. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haegeman, L. 2014. West Flemish verb-based discourse markers and the articulation of the speech act layer. Studia Linguistica 68(1): 116–139.
Hill, Virginia. 2007. Vocatives and the pragmatic-syntax interface. Lingua 117: 2077-2105.
Hill, Virginia. 2013. Features and strategies: the internal syntax of vocative phrases. In Vocatives!: Addressing between System and Performance, ed. by Noel, P. & B. Sonnenhauser, 79-102. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hooper, Joan & Sandra Thompson. 1973. On the applicability of root transformations. Linguistic Inquiry 4: 465–497.
Hornstein, N. & J. Nunes. 2002. On asymmetries between parasitic gap and Across-the-Board constructions. Syntax 5: 26-54.
Hornstein, N. 2006. Pronouns in a minimalist setting. University of Maryland Working Papers in Linguistics 14: 47-80. College Park.
Horvath, Julia, 2006. Separating ‘focus movement’ from focus. In Phrasal and Clausal Architecture, ed. by Karimi, S., Samiian, V., and Wilkins, W., 108–145. John Benjamins, Amsterdam.
Horvath, Julia. 2010. Discourse-features, syntactic displacement and the status of contrast. Lingua 120(6): 1346-1369.
Hsieh, I-ta Chris. 2009. Even-focus and VP-fronting in Mandarin Chinese. The Proceedings of the 21st North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-21), ed. by Yun Xiao. Smithfield in, 494-507. Rhode Island: Bryant University.
Hsu, Ching-Wei. 2016. Pragmatic functions of Mandarin Chinese utterance-initial Particles: A case study of Eh2 and Oh. MA Thesis, National Taiwan University.
Hsu, Y.-Y. 2014. Nominal internal and external topic and focus: Evidence from Mandarin. University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics 20(1): 151-160.
Hsu, Yu-Yin. 2008. The sentence-internal topic and focus in Chinese. In Proceeding of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20) 2: 635-652.
Hsu, Yu-Yin. 2012. Two functional projections in the medial domain in Chinese. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 38(1): 93-126.
Huang, C.-T. James. 2015. On syntactic analyticity & parametric theory. Chinese Syntax in a Cross-linguistics perspective, ed. by Y.-H. Audrey Li, Andrew Simpson, & W.-T. Dylan Tsai, 229-250. Oxford: Oxford University.
Huang, C-T. James. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15: 531-574.
Huang, James C-T., Y-H Audrey Li, and Yafei Li. 2009. The Syntax of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang, Yan. 1994. The syntax and pragmatics of anaphora: With special reference to Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huang. C.-T. James. 1982. Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Irurtzun, Aritz. 2009. Why Y: on the centrality of syntax in the architecture of grammar. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 8: 141-160.
Jackendoff, Ray S. 1972. Semantic interpretation in generative grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Jacobs, Joachim. 2001. The dimensions of topic–comment. Linguistics 39:641–681.
Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. 2013. Split topicalization and nominal predicate inversion in Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at The 21th Annual Conference of the IACL (IACL-21), Taipei, Taiwan.
Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. 2014. Moving out of small clauses: Split Topicalization. Proceedings of the 16th Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar, ed. by Jong Un Park and Il-Jae Lee, 157-178. Seoul.
Jin, Dawei. 2015. Revisiting the licensing condition of the aboutness relation. In the Preceedings of Young Minds vs. Old Questions in Linguistics: Proceedings of the Fourth Central European Conference in Linguistics for Postgraduate Students. Students (CECIL’S 4), ed. by Bondaruk, Anna, Anna Bloch-Rozmej, Wojciech Malec, Ewelina Mokrosz, and Sławomir Zdziebko. 56-77. Lublin: The Institute of East-Central Europe and the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin.
Kayne, Richard. 1994. The antisymmetry of syntax. The MIT Press.
Keiko, Murasugi . 2017. Very early utterances in child language: Implications for the minimalist theory. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series 47(2): 361-381.
Kratzer, Angelika. 1996. Severing the external argument from its verb. In Phrase structure and the lexicon, ed. J. Rooryck, and A. Zaenen, 109–137. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Krifka, M., 2008, Basic notions of information structure. In Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure (ISIS) (6), ed. by Féry, C., Fanselow, G., and Krifka, M., 14-42.
Kučerová, Ivona Kučerová and Ad Neeleman. 2012. Introduction. In Contrasts and positions in Information Structure, ed. by Kučerová, Ivona Kučerová and Ad Neeleman, 1-23. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. .
Kuo, Pei-Jung. 2009. IP Internal movement and topicalization. Doctoral dissertation, UC.
Laenzlinger, Christopher & Soare Gabriela. 2005. Deriving positions for arguments and advrebs in Romance. Rivista di grammatica Generativa 30:17-69.
Landau, Idan. 2006. Chain Resolution in Hebrew V(P)-fronting. Syntax 9: 32-66.
Landau, Idan. 2007. EPP Extensions. Linguistic Inquiry 38: 485-523.
Larson, Richard. 1988. On the double object construction. Linguistic Inquiry 19(3):335–391.
Li, Charles and Thompson, Sandra. 1976. Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Subject and Topic, ed. by C. N. Li, 459-489. New York: Academic Press.
Li, Charles and Thompson, Sandra. 1981. Mandarin Chinese: A functional reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Li, Y.-H. A. 2000. Topic structures and minimal effort. ZAS Papers in Linguistics: 1-20.
Li, Y.-H. Audrey .1999. A number projection. Selected Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Chinese Linguistics. Taipei: The Crane Publishing.
Liao, Wei-wen Roger & Tzong-hong Jonah, Lin. 2015. Syntactic structures of Mandarin purposives. Manuscript.
Liao-, Wei-wen Roger. 2011. The symmetry of syntactic relations. Doctoral dissertation, USC.
Liao, Wei-wen-Roger. 2017. Remarks on the Final-over-Final Condition: A view from Chinese head-final structures. Studies in Chinese Linguistics 38(2).
Lin, T.-H. Jonah. 2005. Does wh-in-situ license parasitic gaps? Linguistic Inquiry 36(2): 298-302.
Liu, Dan-ching. 2011. The nature of interjections: Pro-sentences. Chinese Teaching in the World 2: 147-158.
Liu, Y.-H., W.-Y. Pan and Hua Hu. 2001. Shiyong Xianda Hanyu Yufa.The Commercial Press
Longobardi, Giuseppe. 1994. Reference and proper names: a theory of N-Movement in syntax and logical form. Linguistic Inquiry 25(4): 609-665.
López, Luis. 2009. A derivational syntax for information structure. Oxford University Press.
Ludlow, P. 2005. A note on alleged cases of non-sentential assertion. In Ellipsis and Non-Sentential, ed. by Elugardo, R, and Stainton R. Springer, New York.
Mao, Tiaoyuan and Fanjun Meng. 2016. The cartographic project of the generative enterprise- An interview with Guglielmo Cinque. Language and Linguistics 17(6): 917-936.
Merchant, Jason. 2001. The syntax of silence: Sluicing, islands, and identity in ellipsis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Merchant, Jason. 2004. Fragments and ellipsis. Linguistics and Philosophy 27(6): 661-738.
Merchant, Jason. 2006. Small structures: A sententialist perspective. In The Syntax of Nonsententials: Multidisciplinary Perspectives [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today,93], ed. by Ljiljana Progovac, Kate Paesani, Eugenia Casielles and Ellen Barton, 77-91. John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Molnár, Valéria, and Winkler Susanne. 2010. Edges and gaps: Contrast at the interfaces. Lingua 120(6): 1392-1415.
Morgan, J. 1973. Sentence fragments and the notion 'sentence'. Issues in Linguistics: Papers in Honor of Henry and Renée Kahane, ed. by B. Kachru, R. Lees, Y. Malkiel, A. Pietrangeli, & S. Saporta, 719–751. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Moro, Andrea. 2003. Notes on vocative case: A case study in clause structure. In Romance Language and Linguistics Theory 2001 [Current Issues in Linguistics Theory 245], ed. by Quer Josep, Jan Schroten, Mauro Scorretti, Petra Sleeman and Els Verheugd, 247-261. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Müller, Gereon. 1998. Incomplete category fronting. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Myers, James. 2012. Testing adjunct and conjunct island constraints in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 13 (3): 437-470.
Neeleman, Ad & Hans van de Koot. 2008. Dutch scrambling and the Nature of Discourse Templates. Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 11: 137-189.
Neeleman, Ad & Tanya Reinhart 1998. Scrambling and the PF-interface. In The Projection of Arguments: Lexical and Compositional Factors, ed. by Miriam Butt & Wilhelm Geuder, 309-353. Chicago: CSLI Publications.
Neeleman, Ad, & Vermeulen, R. 2012. The syntactic expression of information structure. In The Syntax of Topic, Focus, and Contrast, ed. by Neeleman, A. D., & Vermeulen, R. Walter de Gruyter.
Nissenbaum, Jonathan. 2000. Investigations of covert phrase movement. Doctoral dissertation.
Ott, Dennis. 2009. Multiple NP split: A distributed deletion analysis. Groninger Arbeiten zur germanistischen Linguistik 48: 65-80.
Ott, Dennis. 2011. Local instability: The syntax of split topics. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University.
Ott, Dennis. 2014. An ellipsis approach to contrastive left-dislocation. Linguistic Inquiry 45(2): 269-303.
Ott, Dennis. 2015. Symmetric Merge and local instability: Evidence from split topics. Syntax 18(2): 157-200.
Pan, Haihua, and Jianhua Hu. 2002. Licensing dangling topics in Chinese. Paper Presented at The 2002 LSA Annual Meeting in San Francisco, CA, USA. .
Pan, Haihua, and Jianhua Hu. 2008. A semantic-pragmatic interface account of (dangling) topics in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 40: 1966-1981.
Pan, Victor Junnan, and Waltraud Paul. 2016a. Why Chinese SFPs are neither optional nor disjunctors. Lingua 170. 23-34.
Pan, Victor Junnan, and Waltraud Paul. 2016b. What you see is what you get: Chinese sentence-final particles as head-final complements. In Discourse Particles: Formal Approaches to their Syntax and Semantics, ed. by osef Bayer & Volker Struckmeier, 49-77. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Pan, Victor Junnan. 2015. Mandarin peripheral construals at syntax-disourse interface. The Linguistic Review 32: 819-868.
Pan, Victor. 2014. Wh-ex-situ and the left periphery in Mandarin Chinese. Presented at 9-EACL Spring School in Chinese Linguistics. Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
Paul, Waltraud. 2002. Sentence-internal topics in Mandarin Chinese: The case of object preposing. Language and Linguistics 3.4: 695-714.
Paul, Waltraud. 2005. Low IP area and left periphery in Mandarin Chinese. Recherches Linguistiques de Vincennes 33: 111-134.
Paul, Waltraud. 2014. Why particles are not particular: Sentence-final particles in Chinese as heads of a split CP. Studia Linguistica 68. 77-115.
Portner, Paul & Katsuhiko Yabushita. 1998. The semantics and pragmatics of topic phrases. Linguistics and Philosophy 21: 117-157.
Portner, Paul .2005. Instructions for interpretation as separate performatives. In Information Structure and Grammar, ed. by Kerstin Schwabe & Susanne Winkler. John Benjamins.
Progovac, Ljiljana. 2006. The syntax of nonsententials: Small clauses and phrases at the root. In The Syntax of Nonsententials: Multidisciplinary Perspectives [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 93], ed. by Ljiljana Progovac, Kate Paesani, Eugenia Casielles and Ellen Barton, 33-61. John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Pustejovsky, James. 1995. The Generative Lexicon. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Reinhart, Tanya. 1982. Pragmatics and linguistics: An analysis of sentence topics. Philosophica 27(1): 53-94.
Reinhart, Tanya. 1995. Interface strategies. OTS Working Papers in Theoretical Linguistics: 95–002.
Reinhart, Tanya. 2006. Interface Strategies. MIT Press, Cambridge MA.
Rizzi, Luigi, 2004b. Locality and left periphery. In Structures and Beyond: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume 3, ed. by A. Belletti. Oxford University Press: New York.
Rizzi, Luigi, 2010. On Some properties of criterial freezing. In The Complementizer Phrase, e.d. by Panagiotidis, E.P., pp. 17-32. Oxford University, Oxford.
Rizzi, Luigi. 1990. Relativized Minimality. MIT Press, Cambridge.
Rizzi, Luigi. 1993/1994. Some notes on linguistic theory and language development: The case of root.
Rizzi, Luigi. 1997. The fine structure of the left periphery. In Elements of Grammar, ed. by L. Haegeman, 281-338. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Rizzi, Luigi. 2004a. On the cartography of syntactic structures. In The Structure of CP and IP – The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, ed. by L. Rizzi, Vol. 2, 3-15. Oxford University Press, New York.
Rizzi, Luigi. 2005. On some properties of subjects and topics. In Constributions to The 30th Incontro di Grammatica Generative, ed. by L. Brug`e et al, 203-224. Venezia: Libreria Editrice Cafoscarina.
Rizzi, Luigi. 2006. On the form of chains: Criterial positions and ECP Effects. In Wh-Movement: Moving On, ed. by Lisa Cheng and Norbert Corver, 97–133. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA
Rizzi, Luigi. 2013. Notes on cartography and further explanation. International Journal of Latin and Romance Linguistics 25(1): 197-226. .
Rooth, Mats. 1985. Association with Focus. Doctoral dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Rooth, Mats. 1992. A theory of focus interpretation. Natural Language Semantics 1: 75- 116.
Ross, J.R. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Searle, J. 1976. The classification of illocutionary acts. Language and Society 5: 1–24.
Seth, Cable. 2004. Predicate clefts and base generation: Evidence from Yiddish and Brazilian Portuguese. Manuscript. MIT. Cambridge, MA.
Shaer, B. and W. Frey. 2005. Integrated and non-integrated left peripheral elements in German and English. In Proceedings of the Dislocated Elements Workshop, ZASPiL 35, ed. by Shaer, W. Frey and C. Maienborn, Vol 6, 465-502.
Shi, Dingxu. 1992. The nature of topic comment constructions and topic Chains. Doctoral dissertation, Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
Shi, Dingxu. 2000. Topic and topic-comment constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Language 76(2): 383–408.
Shyu, Shu-ing. 1995. The syntax of focus and topic in Mandarin Chinese. Doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California.
Shyu, Shu-Ing. 2001. Remarks on object movement in Mandarin SOV Order. Language and Linguistics 2: 93-124.
Shyu, Shu-ing. 2014. Topic and focus. In Handbook of Chinese Linguistics, ed. by C. T. James Huang, Y. H. Audrey Li, Andrew Simpson, 100-125. Blackwell Publishing Co.
Sigurðsson, Halldór Ármann & Joan Maling. 2009. Silent heads. In Functional Projections. A Festschrift for Guglielmo Cinque, ed. by Laura Bruge et al. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Skopeteas S, Verhoeven E. 2012. Left peripheral arguments and discourse interface strategies in Yucatec Maya. In Contrasts and Positions in Information Structure, ed. by Neeleman A, Kucerova I, 296-321. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Slonsky, Ur. 2010. The cartographic enterprise in syntax. Language and Linguistics Compass, 417-429.
Speas, P., and Tenny, C. 2003. Configurational properties of point of view roles. In Asymmetry in grammar vol. 1: Syntax and Semantics, eds. by Di Scullo, A. M., 315-345. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Stainton, Robert J. 2004. The pragmatics of nonsentences. In The Handbook of Pragmatics, ed. by Horn, Larry & Ward, Gregory, 266-287. Oxford: Blackwell.
Stainton, Robert. 2006. Words and thoughts: Subsentences, ellipsis, and the philosophy of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stalnaker, Robert. 1978. Assertion. In Syntax and Semantics 9, ed. by Peter Cole, 315-322. New York: Academic Press.
Sybesma R.P.E. 2017. Finiteness. In Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics, Vol II, ed. bv Sybesma R.P.E., Behr W., Gu Y., Handel Z., Huang C.T.J., Myers J., 233-23. Leiden: Brill.
Szendrői, K. 2001. Focus and the syntax-phonology interface. Doctoral dissertation, University of College London.
Tang, C-.C. Jane. 2001. Functional projections and adverbial expressions in Chinese. Language and Linguistics 2: 203-241.
Tang, Sze-Wing. 1998. Parametrization of features in syntax. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Irvine.
Tenny, Carol. 2006. Evidentiality, experiencers, and the syntax of sentience in Japanese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 15: 245-288.
Ting, Jen and Rui-heng Ray Huang. 2006. Are there dangling topics in Mandarin Chinese? Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 32(1): 119-146.
Ting, Jen and Yu-Chi Huang. 2008. Some remarks on parasitic gaps in Chinese. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 34(1): 27-52.
Ting, Jen. 2006. NegP and the particle Suo in Mandarin Chinese. Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 32 (2): 71-92.
Travis, Lisa deMena. 1984. Parameters and effects of word order variation. Doctoral Dissertation, MIT.
Tsai, W.-T. Dylan. 1997. A Note on wh-adjunct asymmetries. Chinese Languages and Linguistics III: Morphology and Lexicon, 469-493.
Tsai, W.-T. Dylan. 2001. On subject specificity and theory of syntax-semantics interface. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 10: 129-168.
Tsai, Wei-Tian and Feng, Shengli. 2006. Shuo “men” de weizhi: cong jufa-yunlu de jiemian tanqi [On syntactic positions of men: An interface between prosody and syntax]. Yueyanxue Luncong [Linguistics Forum] 32: 46-63.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan 1994. On economizing the theory of A-bar dependencies. Doctoral dissertation, MIT.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2008. Object specificity in Chinese: A view from the vP periphery. The Linguistic Review 25: 479-502.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2010. On the syntax-semantic correspondences of Chinese modals. Zhongguo Yuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) 3: 208-221.
Tsai, Wei-tien Dylan. 2015a. A case of V2 in Chinese. Studies in Chinese Linguistics 36(2): 1017-1274.
Tsai, Wei-tien Dylan. 2015b. A tale of two peripheries: Evidence from Chinse adverbials, light verbs, applicatives and object fronting. In The Cartography of Chinese Syntax, ed. by Wei-Tien Dylan Tsai, 1-32. Oxford University Press.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2015c. On the Topography of Chinese Modals. In Beyond Functional Sequence, ed. by Ur Shlonsky, 275-294. New York: Oxford University Press. .
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2016. Mood, modals & subjecthood. Handout, National Tsing Hua University.
Tsao, Feng-fu. 1990. Sentence and clause structure in Chinese: A functional perspective. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Vallduví, E. 1992, The Informational Component. Garland.
Valmala, Vidal. 2007. The syntax of little things. Paper presented at the 17th Colloquiumon
Van Dijk, Teun A. 1977. Sentence topic and discourse topic. Papers in Slavic Philology (1): 49-61.
Van Hoof, Hanneke 1997b. Left dislocation and split topics. In Materials on Left Dislocation, ed. by E. Anagnostopoulou, H. van Riemsdijk & F. Zwarts, 275-305. Amsterdam: Benjamins.
Van Hoof, Hanneke. 1997a. On split topicalization and ellipsis. Working Papers of the Sonderforschungsbereich 340, 112. Universität Tübingen.
Van Hoof, Hanneke. 2005. Split topicalization. In The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, ed. by Everaert, Martin and van Riemsdijk, Henk, 410-465. Blackwell Publishing, Malden MA.
Van Riemsdijk, Henk. 1989. Movement and regeneration. In Dialect Variation and the Theory of Gramma, ed. by Paola Benincà, 105–136. Dordrecht: Foris.
Williams, Edwin. 1980. Predication. Linguistic Inquiry 11: 203-238.
Xu, Liejion. 2006. Topicalization in Asian languages. In The Blackwell Companion to Syntax, v1, ed. by Martin Everaert, Henk van Riemsdijik, 137-174. Blackwell.
Xu, Liejiong. 2004. Manifestation of informational focus. Lingua 114: 277-299.
Yang, Barry C.-Y. 2017a. On the Existence of SAP. Paper presented at The 19th Seoul International Conference on Generative Grammar (SICOGG 19), Seoul National University, Seoul, August 09-11.
Yang, Barry C.-Y. 2017b. Mapping speech act onto syntax: Evidence from Mandarin Chinese. Paper presented at The Japanese Society for Language Sciences 19th Annual International Conference (JSLS2017), Kyoto Women’s University, Kyoto, July 1-2.
Yang, Barry Chung-Yu. 2005. Subject specificity, predicate distributivity and scope interpretation. Taiwan Journal of Linguistics 3(1): 133-174.
Yang, Hui-Ting. 2013. Adverbs of continuity and genericity in Mandarin Chinese. MA thesis, National Tsing Hua University.
Zubizarreta, Maria Luisa. 1998. Prosody, Focus, and Word Order. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.