中文摘要
全球管理界對於管理職能的研究方興未艾，面對台灣企業界對於管理能力的需求，歷年來也有許多博碩士論文針對管理職能進行探究，然而這些研究的內涵為何？為了探討臺灣地區有關管理職能研究之研究的學校系所、研究策略、研究對象與管理職能趨勢，本研究針對近十五年間（2001年至2015年）以營利事業「管理職能」為研究主題的我國博碩士論文101篇進行內容分析。本研究首先探討職能的意涵及演變、再論及管理職能的類型與內涵並以自編的6類目、13項目及99細項「管理職能博碩士論文之內容分析登錄表」做為分析的工具。
本研究的主要發現有：商管系所的論文篇數最多、而人力資源系所的論文篇數甚少只有18篇；研究對象來自電子電機產業的最多、研究對象的職務以中高階主管最多；研究策略以問卷量表為多；「訓才及育才」為人力管理議題的最亮焦點、但是投入訓育管理職能的論文極少只有5篇；管理職能的各構面呈現同等的重要性、至於研究的摘要內容則未臻理想。最後依據研究發現的結果，提出後續較需投注之管理職能研究的建議。

Abstract
In order to analyze the recent study trends in managerial competency at Taiwan, this paper takes 101 thesis and dissertation which were published between 2001 and 2015 as the research targets. This research developed a nine-aspect, thirteen-category, and ninety-nine-items ‘Content Analysis Checklist for Managerial Competency Thesis and Dissertation’ as content analysis tool based upon managerial competency literatures.
The main findings of these study are: (a) management departments published the most thesis, however human resource departments only published 18 thesis; (b) major research targets came from high-tech industries; (c) most targets holds a mid-to-higher managerial position; (d) the most popular research tool was questionnaire; (e) training and development of managerial competency was the spotlight of these studies, however seldom study focuses on this issue; (f) nearly equal weight was given to the various aspects of management competencies among these studies; and (g) the writing of abstracts was failed to reach the required segments. Finally, research suggestions for human resource management and future studies form the major conclusion of this study.

一、中文
中村勝宏、鄭宏峰（2011）。夾心主管的聰明管理學：課本上找不到的私房管理筆記。臺北市：易富文化。
王士峰（2014）。管理學。新北市：新文京。
王文科（2002）。教育研究法。臺北市：五南。
王石番（1991）。傳播內容分析法：理論與實證。臺北市：幼獅文化。
司徒達賢（2013）。管理學的新世界。臺北市：天下文化。
朱淑鳳（2014）。策略性人力資源管理之研究：事業夥伴的觀點。國立清華大學高階經營管理碩士在職專班，新竹市。
吳秉恩（1984）。管理才能發展方案實施與成效關係之研究。國立政治大學企業管理研究所博士學位論文，臺北市。
吳秉恩（2012）。高階人力資源管理：分享式觀點（11頁）。臺北市：華泰。
吳昭德（2002）。基層主管職能量表之建立與驗證-以某化工公司為例。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士在職專班，桃園市。
李正鋼、陳基旭、張盛華（2013）。現代企業管理：理論與實務導向。臺北市：智勝文化。
李培齊（2013）。在兩難中學管理：管理的主導邏輯。臺北市：華泰。
李瑞翔、楊君琦（2005）。探索不同公關策略之公關人員核心職能。北台學報，28（2），169-190。
李聲吼（1997）。人力資源發展的能力內涵。就業與訓練雙月刊，15（2）， 51-58 。
李麗卿（1989）。國中國文教科書之政治社會化內容分析。國立台灣師範大學教育研究所碩士論文，臺北市。
林文政（2001）。製造業人力資源專業職能之研究。中山管理評論，9（4），621-654。
林原勗、曾明朗、鄭憶莉（2014）。企業管理概論與實務。臺北市：五南。
林惠雯（2000）。銀行業主管人員管理能力取得管道及其決定因素之分析。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所碩士論文，桃園市。
洪榮昭（1997）。能力轉換滾石生苔否？。就業與訓練，15（2），51。
孫英陸（2015）。員工管理與人才培訓。臺北市：國家出版社。
袁正鋼（2015）。管理101：一本入門但實用的管理工具書。臺北市：東華。
國家發展委員會（2007）。因應就業市場發展新趨勢，推動職能標準及認證制度以培訓優質人才。取自http://www.ndc.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=C90548F2DB23E8B9&sms=AB593F5AE64A02BE&s=AFB7A3D13FFDE900。
常昭鳴（2005）。PHR人資基礎工程。臺北市：伯頡策略顧問公司。
張甲賢（2005）。理才勝經：人力資源管理實務02。臺北市：汎亞人力。
張保隆、伍忠賢（2010）。科技管理：實務個案分析。臺北市：五南。
張國雄（2013）。管理學：挑戰與新思維。臺北市：雙葉書廊。
張紹勳（2008）。研究方法：理論與統計。臺中市：滄海書局。
張裕隆（1998）。我國「管理才能評鑑工具」發展及信效度分析研究。國科會專題研究報告，3-4。
教育部。UCAN大專校院就業職能平臺。取自https://ucan.moe.edu.tw/Account/Login.aspx
莊朝正（1997）。管理才能評鑑量表之建立—以某高科技公司為例。中央大學人力資源管理研究所，桃園市。
陳文光（譯）（1988）。村上良三著。人事考核手冊－制度設計與運用。臺北市：臺華工商圖書。
陳玉山（1997）。能力基礎途徑應用在人力資源管理之研究－個人、工作及環境之整合。國立政治大學公共行政研究所，臺北市。
陳旭耀（1997）。臺灣地區圖書資訊學碩士論文及其引用文獻之研究。輔仁大學圖書資訊學研究所碩士論文，新北市。
陳孟堅（1974）。我所知道的內容分析法。文藝復興月刊，58，43-50。
陳雅文（1995）。內容分析法。載於胡述兆（主編），圖書館學與資訊科學大辭典（頁323）。臺北市：漢美。
勞動力發展署（2014）。職能發展及應用推動要點。取自http://icap.evta.gov.tw/Quality/quality_specification.aspx。
勞動部勞動力發展署。ICAP職能發展應用平臺。取自http://icap.evta.gov.tw/about.aspx
勞動部勞動力發展署。TTQS人才發展品質管理系統。取自http://ttqs.wda.gov.tw/Default.aspx
黃英忠（1991）。現代人力資源管理。臺北市：華泰。
黃英忠（2013）。管理學。臺北市：普林斯頓。
楊孝榮（1996）。傳播研究方法總論。臺北市：三民。
楊國樞、文崇一、吳聰賢、李亦園（1989）。社會科學及行為科學研究法（上）（下）。臺北市：東華。
楊尊恩（2003）。職能模式在企業中實施之現況調查。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所研討會論文集，桃園市。
經濟部（2010）。教育部UCAN職能平臺啟動、職涯探索能力養成有方向。取自http://itriexpress.blogspot.tw/2010/04/ucan.html。
遊麗嘉（2013）。善用策略人才盤點強化公私部門實力，talent雜誌，22，6-11。
雷文谷、雷文傑、姚明慧（2011）。管理導論。高雄市：藍海文化。
趙其文（2002）。人力資源管理：理論、策略、方法、例證。臺北市：華泰。
歐用生（1993）。內容分析法。載於黃光雄、簡茂發（主編），教育研究法（頁229-254）。臺北市：師大書苑。
鄧國宏（2000）。主管管理職能評鑑量表之建立與信、效度分析－以某商銀為例。國立中央大學人力資源管理研究所，桃園市。
鄭紹成、陳春富（2013）。台灣技訓叢書：企業管理-全球導向的運作。新北市：前程文化。
盧建旭（2010）。管理學概論。彰化縣：明道大學出版中心。
戴國良（2012）。圖解管理學。臺北市：五南。
繆其浩（1986）。內容分析技術評論。情報科學，4，69-71。
戴國良（2012）。圖解管理學。臺北市：五南。
羅彥棻、許戴志璁、楊宗文、林永順（2013）。企業管理。屏東縣：全力。

二、英文
Albanese, R. (1989). Competency - Based Management Education. Journal of Management Development, 8(2), 66-76.
Allen, B., & Reser, D. (1990). Content analysis in library and information science research. Library & Information Science Research, 12(3), 251-260.
Athey, T. R., & Orth, M. S. (1999). Emerging competency methods for the future. Human resource management, 38(3), 215-225.
Berelson, B. (1952). Content analysis in communication research. lencoe, Scotland: The Free Press.
Binet, A., & Simon, T. (1905). New methods for the diagnosis of the intellectual level of subnormals. L’annee Psychologique, 12, 191-244.
Boam, R., & Sparrow, P. (1992). Designing and achieving competency: A competency-based approach to developing people and organizations. Maidenhead, UK: McGraw - Hill.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1982). The Competency Manager: A Model for Effective Performance. N.Y.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brigham, C. C. (1923). A Study of American Intelligence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Brigham, C. C. (1930). Intelligence tests of immigrant groups. Psychological Reviews, 37, 158-156.
Brown, D. S. (1993). Effective supervision, NY: The Macmillan Co.
Budd, R. W., Thorp R. K., & Donohew, L. (1976). Content Analysis of Communication. NY: The Macmillan Co.
Burgoyne, J. G. (1993). The competence movement: Issues, stakeholders and prospects. Personnel Review, 22(6), 6-13.
Busha, C. H., & Harter, S. P. (1980). Research methods in librarianship. Cambridge, MA: Academic press.
Byham, W. C., & Moyer, R. P. (1996). Using Competencies to Build A Successful Organization. NY: Development Dimensions International, Inc.
Cardy, R. L., & Selvarajan, T. T. (2006). Competencies: Alternative frameworks for competitive advantage. Business Horizons, 49(3), 235-245.
Catano, V. M. (1998). Appendix 1: Competencies: A review of the literature and bibliography. Canadian Council of Human Resources Associations.
Chisholm, M. E. (1976). Medical Personnel in Education: A competency Approach. Englewood cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Cofsky, K. M. (1993). Critical Keys to Competency-Based Pay.
Constable, J., & McCormick, R. (1988). The making of managers. London: British Institute of Management.
Dalton, M. (1997). Are Competency Models a Waste? Training & Development, 51(10), 46-49.
Dane, F. C. (1990). Research Methods. Brooks: Cole Publishing Company, Pacific Grove.
Darrell J. C., & Ellen R. B. (1998). Competency-Based Pay: A Concept in Evolution, Compensation & Benefit Review.
Derouen, C., & Kleiner, B. H. (1994). New developments in employee training. Work Study, 43(2), 13-16.
Draganidis, F., & Mentzas, G. (2006). Competency based management: a review of systems and approaches. Information Management & Computer Security, 14(1), 51-64.
Drucker, P. F. (1974). Management: Tasks Responsibilities. Practices, 523.
Dubois, D. D., & Rothwell, W. J. (2000). The competency tool kit. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press.
Eraut, M. (1994). Developing professional knowledge and competence. London: Falmer Press.
Everts, J., & Eads, S. (1979). Home economics competency-based teacher education instructional materials. Taxas: Texas Education Agency, Austin. Dept. of Occupational Education and Technology.
Fletcher, S. (1992). NVQs, standards and competence: A practice guide for employers. Management and trainers, London: Kogan page.; Burgoyne, J. G. (1993). The competence Movement: Issues, Stakeholders and Prospects. Personnel Review, 22(6), 6-13.
Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius. Macmillan and Company.
Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into the human faculty & its development. JM Dent and Company.
Ghiselli, E. (1971). Exploration in Managerial Talent. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill Inc.
Gilbert, T. F. (1978). Human competence—engineering worthy performance. NSPI journal, 17(9), 19-27.
Glosson, L. R., & Schrock, J. R. (1985). Competencies Needed for Articulation among and between Post-Secondary Vocational Food Technology Programs in Texas. Texas: Texas Education Agency.
Green, P. (1999). Building robust competencies: Linking human resource systems to organizational strategies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Pub.
Guglieliemino, P. J. ( 1979). Developing the top-level executive for the 1980’s and Beyond. Training and Development, 3(4): 12-14.
Gulick, L., & Urwick, L. (1937). Papers on the Science of Administration. New York: Institute of Public Administration.
Hager, P., & Gonczi, A. (1980). What is competence? Medical Teacher, 18(1), 15-18.
Hayes, J. L. (1979). A new look at managerial competence: the AMA model of worthy performance. Management Review, 68(11), 2-3.
Hellriegel, D. (2001). Management: A Competency Based Approach. Boston, MA: South-Western College Publishing.
Hellriegel, D., Jackson, S., & Slocum, J. (2007). Managing: A competency-based approach. Boston: Cengage Learning.
Holsti, O. R. (1969). Content analysis for social science and humanities. MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
Jarvis, P. (1990). An international dictionary of adult and continuing education. London: Routledge.
Johlke, M. C. (2006). Sales presentation skills and salesperson job performance. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 21(5), 311-319.
Kaslow, N. J. (2004). Competencies in professional psychology. American Psychologist, 59, 774–781.
Katz, R. L. (1955). Skill of effective administrator. Harvard Business Review, 33, 33-42.
Kerlinger, F. N. (1986). Foundations of behavioral research (3rd ed). NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Klaus, K. (1980). Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Newbury Park: Sage Publications, Inc.
Klein, A. L. (1996). Validity and reliability for competency-based systems: Reducing litigation risks. Compensation & Benefits Review, 28(4), 31-37.
Klemp, G. O. (1980). The assessment of occupational competence. Washington, DC: National Institute of Education.
Knowles, M. (1980). Training as an art Form. Training and Development Journal, 34(3), 56-58.
Lahti, R. K. (1999). Identifying and integrating individual level and organizational level core competencies. Journal of Business and Psychology, 14(1), 59-75.
Lasswell, H. D., Lerner, D., & Rothwell, C. E. (1952). The comparative study of elites: An introduction and bibliography. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press.
Ledford, G. E. (1995). Paying for the skills, knowledge, and competencies of knowledge workers. Compensation & Benefits Review, 27(4), 55-62.
Lucia, A. D., & Lepsinger, R. (1999). The art and science of competency models: Pinpointing critical success factors in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mansfield, R. S. (1996). Building competency models: Approaches for HR professionals. Human Resource Management, 35(1), 7-18.
McClelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for competence rather than for intelligence. American Psychologist, 28, 1-14
McLagan, P. A. (1980). Competency Models. Training & Development Journal, 34(12), 22-26.
McLagan, P. A. (1983). Models for Excellence: The results of the ASTD training and development competency study. Training & Development Journal, 37(6), 10-12, 14, 16-20.
McLagan, P. A. (1989). Models for HRD practice. Training & development journal, 43(9), 49-60.
McLagan, P. A. (1997). Competencies: The Next Generation. Training & Development, 51(5), 40-47.
McLagan, P. A., & Bedrick, D. (1983). Models for Excellence: The Results of the ASTD Training and Development Competency Study. Training and Development Journal, 37(6), 10-22.
Miborrow, G. (1988). Crafty management. Management today, 12(5), 322-351.
Milkovich, T. G., & Newman, M. J. (1999). Compensation. N.Y.: McGraw-Hill.
Mintzberg, H. (1973). A Comprehensive Description of Managerial Work, The Nature of Managerial Work. N.Y.: Harper & Row Publisher.
Mirabile, R. J. (1997). Everything You Wanted to Know about Competency Modeling. Training and Development, 51(8), 73-77.
Mirabile, R. J. (1997). Implementation Planning: Key to Successful Competency Strategies. Human Resources Professional, 19( 4 ), 19-23.
Moulton (1993). Executive Development: Preparing for the 21st Century. NY: Oxford University Press.
Mulder, M. (2000). Creating Competence: Perspectives and Practices in Organizations. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.
Mulder, M., Weigel, T., & Collins, K. (2007). The concept of competence in the development of vocational education and training in selected EU member states: a critical analysis. Journal of Vocational Education & Training, 59(1), 67-88.
Nordhaug, O., & Gronhaug, K. (1994). Competences as resources in firms. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 5(1), 89-106.
Nordhaung, O. (1993). Human Capital in Organizations: Competence. Training and Learning. Norway, Swedish: Scandinavian University Press.
Parry, S. B. (1998). Just What is a Competency? And Why Should You Care? Training, 35(6), 58-64.
Peak, L., & Brown, J. M. (1980). A Conceputal Framework and Process for Identifying the Inservice Needs of Vocational Educators Serving Special Needs Populations. Pilot Test Report.
Pickett, L. (1998). Competencies and managerial effectiveness: Putting competencies to work. Public Personnel Management,27(1), 103.
Pinto, P. R., & Walker, J. W. (1978). What Do Training and Development Professionals Really Do? Training and development Journal,32(7), 58-64.
Prahalad, C. K. & Hamel, G. (1990). The core competence of the corporation. Harvard Business Review, 68(3), 79-91.
Raelin, J. A., & Cooledge, A. S. (1995). From generic to organic competencies. Human Resource Planning, 18(3), 24-33.
Raymond, A. N. (1999). Employee Training and Development. NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Reynolds, A. (1993). The Trainer’ s Dictionary: HRD Terms, Abbreviations, Acronyms. Amherst, MA: Human Resource Development Press.
Sandberg, J. (2000). Understanding human competence at work: an interpretative approach. Academy of management journal,43(1), 9-25.
Sandwith, P. (1993). A hierarchy of management training requirements: The competency domain model. Public Personnel Management, 22(1), 43-62.
Sanghi, S. (2007). The handbook of competency mapping: understanding, designing and implementing competency models in organizations.sage Publications India.
Scott, M. J. (1998). AICPA competency model for the new finance professional. The CPA Journal, 68(10), 40-45.
Sharma, R. R. (2002). 360 Degree Feedback Competency Mapping and Assessment Centers: For Personal and Business Development. New York: McGraw-Hill Pub.
Spencer, L. M., & Spencer, S. M. (1993). Competence at work. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Stern, W. (1914) [1912 (Leipzig: J. A. Barth, original German edition)]. Die psychologischen Methoden der Intelligenzprufung: und deren Anwendung an Schulkindern [The Psychological Methods of Testing Intelligence]. Educational psychology monographs, no. 13. Guy Montrose Whipple (English translation). Baltimore: Warwick & York.
Sumerall, S. W., Lopez, S. J., & Oehlert, M. E. (2000). Competency-based education and training in psychology: A primer. Charles C Thomas Publisher.
Terman, L. M. (1916). The measurement of intelligence: An explanation of and a complete guide for the use of the Stanford revision and extension of the Binet-Simon intelligence scale. Houghton Mifflin.
Ulrich, D. (1998). Intellectual capital= competence x commitment. MIT Sloan Management Review, 39(2), 15.
Ulrich, D., Brockbank, W. V., Yeung, A. K., & Lake, D. G. (1995). Human resource competencies: An empirical assessment. Human Resource Management, 34(4), 473-495.
Ulrich, D., Brockbank, W., & Yeung, A. (1989). HR competencies in the 1990s: An empirical assessment. Personnel Administrator, 34(11), 91-93.
Van der Wagen, L. (1994). Building Quality Service: With Competency-based Human Resource Management. MA: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Weber R.P. (1990). Basic Content Analysis. Newburry Park, CA: Sage Publications.
Williams, C. (2005). The discursive construction of the competent learner-worker: from key competencies to employability skills. Studies in Continuing Education, 27(1), 33-49.
Wimmer, R. D., Dominick, J. R. (1991). Mass Media Research: An Introduction Wadsworth series in mass communication. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Woodruffe, C. (1991). Competency By Any Other Name. Personnel Management, 23(9), 30-33.
Yeung, A. K. (1996). Competencies for HR Professionals: An Interview with R. E. Boyatzis. Human Resource Management, 35(1), 119-132.
Zemke,Ron.(1982).Job competencies: Can they help you design better training? Training,19(5),pp.28-31.
Zwell, M. (2000). Creating a culture of competence. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.