聚集在環境中納米顆粒的命運和運輸中的作用 : 構建強大的連續體建模平台

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研究生：	巴斐文 Peyman, Babakhani
論文名稱：	聚集在環境中納米顆粒的命運和運輸中的作用 : 構建強大的連續體建模平台 The role of aggregation in the fate and transport of nanoparticles in the environment: building a robust continuum modelling platform
指導教授：	董瑞安 Doong, Ruey-An
口試委員:	David, Jc-Dennis Esther, Garcia-Tunon Hsu, Ching-Han David, Jc-Dennis Esther, Garcia-Tunon Solomom, Brown Shin, Yang-hsin
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	原子科學院 - 生醫工程與環境科學系 Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences
論文出版年：	2020
畢業學年度：	108
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	333
中文關鍵詞：	納米粒子、連續建模平台、氫氧磷灰石納米顆粒、人工神經網路、平流擴散方程、氧化石磨烯
外文關鍵詞：	artificial neural network, advection-dispersion equation, shattered graphene oxide, Nanoparticle, continuum model, Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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納米粒子（NP）可以被直接的被釋放到自然環境中，例如在地下水修復中的有害污染物質(例如放射性核素)或是在無意中從不同種消費品被釋放到環境中。最重要的是，需要擁有可以預測環境中NP宿命以及運輸的相關模型。連續譜模型在描述大多數的多孔介質中NP的傳輸機制方面為一項重大的開創性技術。這項研究主要在解決阻礙此類模型在其應用上的挑戰。其中可以分成六個主要領域、基礎上的多樣性、所做的假設、預測的能力、包括的運輸機制，模式的效率以及不考慮所有自然環境條件。在傳輸機制中，聚集現象是最重要的一種，而在連續模型中卻很少考慮到這項技術。在研究中，文獻數據分析已經使用人工神經網絡（ANN）、蒙特卡洛（Monte Carlo）和敏感性分析技術進行了相當廣泛的研究，並建立實驗經驗上的相聯性，以基礎的20個實驗因素來預測5個未知的連續譜模型參數。在靜態的水環境中針對NP的聚集進行了全面性的實驗以及建模，進而找出描述NP聚集和去除的最佳建模方式。將選定的模型集與NP在多孔介質中的連續模型中相結合，以預測NP在與環境相關的尺度（即含水層）上的遷移和聚集。但是，這表明需要具有更有效的聚合模型。未來的工作上將於提出一項有效的針對質量濃度的聚集模型，並研究系統動力學對聚集的影響。

結果顯示，人工神經網絡可以成為發展經驗相關性以預測連續模型參數的一種有用的方法，並且從其敏感性分析中獲得了多樣化的見解。例如，首次被當作參數的異質性多孔介質顯示出比分散性擁有更高的靈敏性。在水介質中的研究表示，在模型中考慮聚集與沈淀的早期和晚期，其在中等離子強度並非最高離子強度下其產生出最高沉澱速率。取決於質量濃度中鏈反應模式與標準的人口平衡模型相比更加有效，在描述NP聚集方面其具有更好的比較性或準確性，可用於未來與連續模型的組合。系統動力學可以提高聚集速率，並在聚集，沉降和重懸的不同階段導致相對緊湊的聚集體。

儘管在本研究中緩解了使用連續介質模型的多重挑戰，但由於本研究中發現其複雜性，結合聚集是引發其他轉運機制並控制環境中NP最終命運中最重要的機制，仍然是一個問題。這個問題主要是由於多孔介質的動力學引起的。儘管如此，連續模型目前在各種建模方法中依然處於開創性的地位，可用於模擬地下環境中NP的宿命和運輸。

Nanoparticles (NP) can be released into the environment either purposefully e.g., for groundwater remediation of hazardous contaminants such as radionuclide or inadvertently from various sources such as consumer products. Crucially, models are required that can predict the fate and transport of NP in the environment. Continuum models have been pioneering in describing most mechanisms for NP transport in porous media. This study aims at addressing challenges that hinder the efficient application of such models. These can be broken down into six main areas, diversity in basis, assumptions made, ability to predict, transport mechanisms included, the efficiency of models, and finally not taking all natural environmental conditions into account. Among transport mechanisms, aggregation phenomenon is the most important one while it has less been considered within continuum models. In this study, extensive literature data analysis has been conducted using artificial neural network (ANN), Monte Carlo, and a sensitivity analysis technique to develop empirical correlations for predicting five unknown continuum model parameters based on 20 experimental factors. Comprehensive experiments and modelling were performed on the aggregation of NP in quiescent aqueous environments to find the best modelling approaches describing NP aggregation and removal. The selected model set was combined with continuum models of NP transport in porous media to predict the transport and aggregation of NP at environmentally-relevant scales, i.e., aquifer. This, however, revealed a need for a more efficient aggregation model. Further work was committed to proposing an efficient mass-concentration-based aggregation model and to investigating the impacts of system dynamics on aggregation.
The results suggest that ANN can be a useful way of developing empirical correlations for predicting continuum model parameters, and many insights were obtained from its sensitivity analyses. For instance, porous media heterogeneity, which was considered as a parameter for the first time, showed sensitivities higher than those of dispersivity. Investigations in aqueous media showed that considering both early and late stages of aggregation and sedimentation in the model yielded highest sedimentation rate at an intermediate ionic strength rather than the highest ionic strength. A mass concentration-based chain-reaction model, which was more efficient than the standard population balance model with a comparable or better accuracy in describing NP aggregation was proposed for future combinations with continuum models. System dynamics can enhance aggregation rate and lead to relatively compact aggregates over different stages of aggregation, sedimentation, and resuspension.
Although several challenges for using continuum models were mitigated in this study, incorporating aggregation, which is the most important mechanism that triggers other transport mechanisms and controls the final fate of NP in the environment, remains an issue due to complications identified in this study. This issue is mainly brought about because of dynamics of porous media. Nevertheless, continuum models are currently pioneering among various modelling approaches for simulating the fate and transport of NP in subsurface environments.

Summary        i
Acknowledgments    iv
List of publications arising from the thesis    v
Copyright permission note    v
Co-authorship statement    vi
List of Figures    xii
List of Tables    xvi
Nomenclature    xix
List of abbreviations    xxiv
Chapter 1        1
  Introduction and literature review    1
1    Chapter overview    1
2    Radionuclide contamination in the environment    2
3    The use of nanoparticles for environmental remediation of radionuclide    4
4    Nanoparticle transport phenomena in porous media and their continuum modelling approaches    7
4.1    Subsurface transport mechanisms and the status of continuum modelling    7
4.2    Advection and dispersion    14
4.3    Attachment and detachment    16
4.4    Aggregation in porous media and its interaction with other phenomena    28
5    Applicability of continuum models    33
5.1    Experimental validation of model concepts    33
5.2    Upscaling of continuum models for NP transport    34
6    Thesis structure and objectives    35
7    References    37
Chapter 2        56
  Parameterisation and Prediction of Nanoparticles Transport in Porous Media: a Reanalysis using Artificial Neural Network    56
1    Chapter overview    56
1.1    Scope    56
1.2    Abstract    57
2    Introduction    57
3    Dataset and parametrization    60
4    Artificial neural network modelling procedure    68
5    Results and discussion    69
5.1    General fitting results    70
5.2    Model parameter sensitivity results    73
5.3    Model validation    85
5.4    Model robustness    86
6    Conclusions    89
7    References    91
Chapter 3        99
  The significance of early and late stages of coupled aggregation and sedimentation in the fate of nanoparticles: measurement and modelling    99
1    Chapter overview    99
1.1    Scope    99
1.2    Abstract    100
2    Nomenclature    100
3    List of abbreviations.    101
4    Introduction    102
5    Modelling    103
6    Materials and Methods    107
6.1    Numerical modelling    107
6.2    Experiment procedure    107
7    Results and discussion    108
7.1    Experimental results    108
7.2    Model screening    111
7.3    Aggregate structure and sedimentation velocity    112
7.4    Attachment efficiency and fractal dimension    115
7.5    Mass removal rates and measurement depth    118
7.6    Implications for the fate of NP in groundwater and aquatic environments    120
8    References    122
Chapter 4        128
  Combining population balance and continuum models for aggregation and transport of nanoparticles at 3-D scale    128
1    Chapter overview    128
2    Introduction    128
3    Combining a population balance model and a continuum model    129
3.1    Model combination    129
3.2    Model parameters    131
3.3    Simulation characteristics    133
3.4    Mathematical models    136
4    Model validation    140
5    Prediction performance of the model    142
6    Upscaling to 3-D domain    143
7    References    146
Chapter 5        149
  Comparison of a new mass-concentration, chain-reaction model with the population-balance model for early- and late-stage aggregation of shattered graphene oxide nanoparticles    149
1    Chapter overview    149
1.1    Scope    149
1.2    Abstract    150
2    Introduction    150
3    Model Development    154
4    Experimental    159
5    Results and discussion    160
5.1    Validation of the model against analytical solution    160
5.2    Experimental results    161
5.3    Model fit results    163
5.4    Estimated parameter trends    165
5.5    Comparison of model efficiency and accuracy    167
6    Conclusions    169
7    References    171
Chapter 6        177
  Aggregation and sedimentation of shattered graphene oxide nanoparticles (SGO) in dynamic environments: a solid-body rotational approach    177
1    Chapter overview    177
1.1    Scope    177
1.2    Abstract    178
2    Introduction    178
3    Materials and Methods    181
3.1    Rotating cylinder setup    181
3.2    SGO synthesis    182
3.3    Experimental procedure    183
4    Theory and modelling    184
4.1    Flow regime    184
4.2    Particle aggregation    185
5    Results and discussion    187
5.1    Flow regime and particle trajectory analysis    187
5.2    Aggregation experiment results    189
5.3    Aggregation modelling results    193
6    Conclusions    198
7    References    200
Chapter 7        206
  Conclusions    206
1    Key conclusions    206
2    Recommendations for future studies    208
Appendix A        210
  Other NP transport phenomena    210
1    Straining    210
1.1    Mechanism    210
1.2    Criteria and manifestation    210
1.3    Modelling approaches of straining    213
2    Site-blocking and ripening    215
2.1    Site-blocking mechanism and related modelling approaches    215
2.2    Ripening mechanism and related modelling approaches    217
3    Size exclusion    221
3.1    Significance for NP    221
3.2    Mechanism    222
3.3    Continuum modelling approaches of size exclusion    225
4    References    228
Appendix B        240
  Summary of transport column experiments and their continuum modelling approaches    240
1    References    253
Appendix C        257
  Equilibrium vs kinetic terms in continuum models    257
1    References    265
Appendix D        268
  Overview of the concurrent occurrence of multiple transport phenomena    268
1    Conceptual model of transport for stable monodisperse dispersions    268
2    Conceptual model of transport for stable poly-disperse dispersions    268
3    Conceptual model of transport for unstable poly-disperse dispersions    269
4    References    272
Appendix E        274
  Supporting information for Chapter 2    274
1    Further details on ANN modelling procedure    274
2    Description of PaD method for analysis of the sensitivities    276
3    Validation of the developed MATLAB Code    277
4    Evaluating the possible effect of mean imputation for the missingness in the data    277
5    Figures    278
6    Tables    282
7    References    285
Appendix F        288
  Supporting information for Chapter 3    288
1    Drag coefficient correction factor and fluid collection efficiency    288
2    Various sedimentation velocity models    289
3    Details of the MATLAB code for simulating the aggregation and sedimentation of nanoparticles    291
4    Variable attachment efficiency model with DLVO    296
5    Development of parameter estimation algorithm    297
6    Comparison between numerical and analytical solutions    299
7    Further investigations of sedimentation models combined with the MP approach    301
8    Assessing the impact of number of depth discretization intervals    302
9    Experimental versus modelling PSDs    302
10    Figures    304
11    Tables    317
12    References    322
Appendix G        325
  Supporting information for Chapter 5    325
1    Figures    325
Appendix H        328
  Supporting information for chapter 6    328
1    Figures    328
2    Tables    333
3    References    333


                                

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