高齡世代與青年世代的溝通策略探討｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

回結果列表

研究生：	林儀潔 Lin, Yi-Jie
論文名稱：	高齡世代與青年世代的溝通策略探討 Communication Strategies Used in a Dyadic Communication Between Older Adults and Young Adults
指導教授：	王明揚 Wang, Ming-Yang
口試委員:	李昀儒 Lee, Yun-Ju 黃育信 Huang, Yu-Hsing
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 工業工程與工程管理學系 Department of Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management
論文出版年：	2018
畢業學年度：	106
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	95
中文關鍵詞：	溝通、世代溝通、溝通障礙、溝通策略
外文關鍵詞：	communication, intergenerational communication, communication barriers, communication strategies
相關次數：	點閱：1 下載：0
分享至:	分享至facebook 分享至twitter

查詢本校圖書館目錄查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統勘誤回報

「溝通」為人與人之間，藉由語言或非語言的方式，相互傳遞訊息的互動歷程，無論在日常生活或工作場域中皆扮演了舉足輕重的角色。此外，隨著高齡人口的成長，與高齡者相關之議題亦隨之成長。由過去的研究可以得知，刻板印象是世代溝通的一大阻礙，許多研究也已經觀察分析出在日常生活中、工作場域中、家庭生活中、或醫病溝通中的各種溝通障礙。然而，在高齡者與年輕者的溝通過程中，他們如何克服溝通障礙還不得而知。因此本研究欲探討在存在刻板印象的情況下，雙方如何將意見傳達給彼此。
本研究結合質性與量化之方法，透過觀察實驗參與者的溝通互動過程、問卷
及訪談實驗參與者所蒐集之資料，分析歸納出高齡者與年輕人之間的溝通策略為
以下六種:說之以理、同理他人、提問、身歷其境、自我揭露、同意。其中，說
之以理及身歷其境為高齡者最常使用的策略;提問及同理他人則是年輕人最常使
用的策略。綜合問卷及訪談的資料，本研究發現年輕者在溝通策略的使用上仍然
受到對於高齡者刻板印象的影響，認為高齡者經驗比較豐富，應該讓他們說。此
外，本研究探討的是不熟識者之間的跨世代溝通，互動情境可能較家庭溝通或熟
識者間更為保守。
本研究期望在充分了解溝通策略後，能夠作為不同世代間的溝通方式之參考，以降低世代間溝通之障礙，並增加溝通的品質。

Communication is an interactive process of transmitting messages among people through verbal or nonverbal ways. It plays an important role in both daily life and workplace. Moreover, with the aging population expands, issues related to elderly are becoming more and more important. Reflecting from the previous research, it is evident that stereotypes serve as one of the barriers blocking the intergenerational communication. Myriad studies have identified kinds of communication barriers in daily life, in workplace, in family life, and in patient-doctor interactions. Nevertheless, studies focusing on how older adults and young adults overcome the communication barriers are still limited. Therefore, this study aims at exploring how individuals would transmit their ideas at the presence of stereotypes.
This study integrated both qualitative and quantitative method to collect data through observing the real communication between older adults and young adults, questionnaire and conducting a one-to-one interview. Through analyzing the dialogue, the communication strategies used in dyadic intergenerational communication are identified as: Rationalize, Empathize, Interrogatives, Contextualize, Self-disclosure, and Agreement strategy. Rationalize and Contextualize are the two strategies that older adults used more frequently, while for young adults, they used Interrogatives and Empathize more frequently. Combined all the results collected, stereotypes still impact young adults a lot in terms of young adults’ use of communication strategy, they thought they are less experienced than older adults, thus yielding the turns. Particularly, this research focus on the first-encounter talks, which might be different from the family communication or people who are familiar with each other.
ii
The study expects to take the results as reference for the deeper understanding of how the intergenerational communication progresses. With the development of communication strategies, people are able to reduce the intergenerational communication barriers and enhance the quality of communication.

摘要..........i
Abstract..........ii
Table of Contents..........iv
List of Figures..........viii
List of Tables..........ix

Chapter 1 Introduction..........1
1 Research Background..........1
2 Research Objectives..........5
3 Research Structure..........5

Chapter 2 Literature Review..........7
1 Interpersonal Communication..........7
1.1 Importance of Interpersonal Communication..........7
1.2 Model of Communication..........9
1.3 Interpersonal Communication Competence..........12
2 Intergenerational Communication..........13
2.1 Stereotypes..........14
2.2 Research on Intergenerational Communication..........15
2.3 Chinese Culture as a Variable to Intergenerational
Communication..........18
3 Communication Strategies..........20
3.1 Interpersonal Communication Strategies..........20
3.2 Intergenerational Communication Strategies..........22
4 Summary..........24

Chapter 3 Methodology..........26
1 Study Process..........26
2 Experimental Design..........28
3 Initial Intervention..........29
3.1 Issues..........29
3.2 Opinion Survey..........30
3.3 Pairing Dyads..........31
4 Fictional Dialogue..........32
5 Real Communication..........33
5.1 Purpose of Real Communication..........34
5.2 Questions Guiding Communication..........34
6 Interpersonal Communication Competence Questionnaire..........35
6.1 Purpose of interpersonal communication competence questionnaire ..........35
6.2 Content of interpersonal communication competence..........36
7 Interview..........36
7.1 Purpose of Interview..........37
7.2 Interview Guideline..........37
8 First Stage of Experiment..........37
8.1 Participants..........37
8.2 Materials and Setting..........38
8.3 Procedure..........38
9 Second stage of the experiment..........38
9.1 Participants..........38
9.2 Materials and Setting..........39
9.3 Procedure..........39
10 Data Coding..........42

Chapter 4 Results..........44
1 Participants Information..........44
2 Identified Communication Strategy-Episode by Episode..........44
3 Identified Communication Strategy-Turn by Turn..........45
4 Use of Communication Strategy..........51
4.1 Older adults’ situation..........52
4.2 Young adults’ situation..........55
5 Results of Interpersonal Communication Competence Questionnaire..........57

Chapter 5 Discussion..........59
1 Identified Communication Strategy- Episode by episode..........59
2 Identified Communication Strategy-Turn by turn..........60
2.1 Rationalize Strategy..........60
2.2 Contextualize strategy..........61
2.3 Empathize strategy..........61
2.4 Interrogatives strategy..........63
2.5 Self-disclosure strategy..........64
2.6 Agreement strategy..........65
3 Perceptions toward the communication..........65

Chapter 6 Conclusion..........68
1 Conclusion of the results..........68
2 limitations..........68
3 Future work..........69

References..........71
Appendix A Opinions Questionnaire..........82
Appendix B Fictional Dialogue ..........85
Appendix C Interpersonal Communication Competence Questionnaire (self) ..........91
Appendix D Interpersonal Communication Competence Questionnaire (others) ..........93
Appendix E Interview Guideline..........95
                                

1. 內政部統計處(2015)。內政統計年報，人口年齡分配統計。線上檢索日期:2016 年 6 月 18 日。網址:http://sowf.moi.gov.tw/stat/year/list.htm
2. 國家發展委員會(2014)。中華民國人口推計。線上檢索日期:2016 年 6 月 18 日。網址:http://www.ndc.gov.tw/Content_List.aspx?n=84223C65B6F94D72
3. 陳巧倫 (2012)。臺灣樂齡學習-爺爺奶奶的新天地. 性別平等教育季刊, (59), 10-15.
4. 陳皎眉(2013)。人際關係與人際溝通。台北市:雙葉書廊。Berger, C. R. (2008). Interpersonal communication. The international encyclopedia of
5. communication.
6. Burton, G., & Dimbleby, R. (2002). More than words: An introduction to communication. Routledge.
7. Canary, D. J., & Spitzberg, B. H. (1987). Appropriateness and effectiveness perceptions of conflict strategies. Human communication research, 14(1), 93-120.
8. Chang, H. C. (1997). Language and words: Communication in the Analects of Confucius. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16(2), 107-131.
9. Chen, Y., & King, B. E. (2002). Intra-and intergenerational communication satisfaction as a function of an individual’s age and age stereotypes. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(6), 562-570.
10. Chen, Z., & Berger, J. (2013). When, why, and how controversy causes conversation. Journal of Consumer Research, 40(3), 580-593.
11. Coupland, N., Coupland, J., & Giles, H. (1989). Telling age in later life: Identity and face implications. Text-Interdisciplinary Journal for the Study of Discourse, 9(2), 129-152.
12. DeMichelis, C., Ferrari, M., Rozin, T., & Stern, B. (2015). Teaching for wisdom in an intergenerational high-school-English class. Educational Gerontology, 41(8), 551–566.
13. Dindia, K. (2003). Definitions and perspectives on relational maintenance communication. Maintaining relationships through communication: Relational, contextual, and cultural variations, 1-28.
14. Erikson, E. H. (1963). Childhood and society (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Norton.
15. Ferris-Olson, Pamela (2013). A women's Talking Circle: A Narrative Study of Positive Intergenerational Communication (Doctoral Dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertation and theses database. (UMI No.1651258263)
16. Fleischer, S., Berg, A., Zimmermann, M., Wüste, K., & Behrens, J. (2009). Nurse-patient interaction and communication: A systematic literature review. Journal of Public Health, 17(5), 339-353.
17. Giles, H., Coupland, N. & Coupland, J. (1991) Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence. In Contexts of accommodation, ed. H. Giles, J. Coupland & N. Coupland, pp. 1–68. Cambridge University Press.
18. Glaser, B., & Strauss, A. (1967). The Discovery of Grounded Theory Aldine Publishing Company. Hawthorne, New York.
19. Grossbaum, M. F., & Bates, G. W. (2002). Correlates of psychological well-being at midlife: The role of generativity, agency and communion, and narrative themes. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26(2), 120–127.
20. Harwood, J., McKee, J., & Lin, M. C. (2000). Young and older adults' schematic representations of intergenerational communication. Communications Monographs, 67(1), 20-41.
21. Hines, J. (2000). Communication problems of hearing-impaired patients. Nursing Standard, 14(19), 33-37.
22. Jones, E., Gallois, C., Callan, V., & Barker, M. (1999). Strategies of accommodation: Development of a coding system for conversational
23. Jones, R. (2013). Communication in the real world: An introduction to communication studies. The Saylor Foundation.
24. Kaakinen, J., Shapiro, E., & Gayle, B. M. (2001). Strategies for working with elderly clients: a qualitative analysis of elderly client/nurse practitioner communication. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners, 13(7), 325-329.
25. Kahneman, D., Krueger, A. B., Schkade, D., Schwarz, N., & Stone, A. A. (2004). A survey method for characterizing daily life experience: The Day Reconstruction Method (DRM). Science, 306, 1776-1780.
26. Keating, D. M., Russell, J. C., Cornacchione, J., & Smith, S. W. (2013). Family communication patterns and difficult family conversations. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 41(2), 160-180.
27. Kopp, P. (2001). Better communication with older patients.Professional nurse (London, England), 16(8), 1296-1299.
28. Kotre, J., & Kotre, K. B. (1998). Intergenerational buffers: “The damage stops here.” In D. P. McAdams, & E. S. De St.Aubin (Eds.), Generativity and adult development (pp. 367–389). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
29. Leonard, M., Graham, S., & Bonacum, D. (2004). The human factor: the critical importance of effective teamwork and communication in providing safe care. Quality and Safety in Health Care, 13(suppl 1), i85-i90.
30. Lin, M. C., Harwood, J., & Lee Hummert, M. (2008). Young adults' intergenerational communication schemas in Taiwan and the USA. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 27(1), 28-50.
31. Lin, M. C., Zhang, Y. B., & Harwood, J. (2004). Taiwanese young adults' intergenerational communication schemas. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19(4), 321-342.
32. Liu, J. H., Ng, S. H., Weatherall, A., & Loong, C. (2000). Filial piety, acculturation, and intergenerational communication among New Zealand Chinese. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 22(3), 213-223.
33. Ma, R. (1996). Saying “yes” for “no” and “no” for “yes”: A Chinese rule. Journal of Pragmatics, 25(2), 257-266.
34. Ma, R., & Chuang, R. (2001). Persuasion strategies of Chinese college students in interpersonal contexts. Southern Journal of Communication, 66(4), 267-278.
35. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, 50(4), 370.
36. McCann, R. M., Dailey, R. M., Giles, H., & Ota, H. (2005). Beliefs about intergenerational communication across the lifespan: Middle age and the roles of age stereotyping and respect norms. Communication Studies, 56(4), 293-311.
37. Morgan, M., & Hummert, M. L. (2000). Perceptions of communicative control strategies in mother - daughter dyads across the life span. Journal of Communication, 50(3), 48-64.
38. Ng, S. H., Liu, J. H., Weatherall, A., & LOONG, C. S. (1997). Young adults' communication experiences and contact with elders and peers.Human Communication Research, 24(1), 82-108.
39. Park, E. K., & Song, M. (2005). Communication barriers perceived by older patients and nurses. International journal of nursing studies, 42(2), 159-166.
40. Phillips, G. M., & Wood, J. T. (1983). Communication and human relationships: The study of interpersonal communication. Macmillan Pub Co.
41. Ruan, J., & Lambert, V. A. (2008). Differences in perceived communication barriers among nurses and elderly patients in China. Nursing & health sciences, 10(2), 110-116.
42. Ryan, E. B., Hummert, M. L., & Boich, L. H. (1995). Communication predicaments of aging: Patronizing behavior toward older adults. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 14(1-2), 144-166.
43. Sacks, H., Schegloff, E. A., & Jefferson, G. (1978). A simplest systematics for the organization of turn taking for conversation. In Studies in the organization of conversational interaction (pp. 7-55).
44. Sanecka, A. (2014). Social barriers to effective communication in old age. Journal of Education Culture and Society, 2014(2), 144-153.
45. Sarah, T., & Arthur, J. (2000). Interpersonal communication. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
46. Schoenberg, N. E., & Ravdal, H. (2000). Using vignettes in awareness and attitudinal research. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 3(1), 63-74.
47. Schramm, W. (1955). Information theory and mass communication. Journalism Quarterly, 32, 131-146.
48. Schutz, W. C (1958). FIRO: A three-dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior. New York: Holt, Rinehart.
49. Schwarz, N. (2012). Why researchers should think "real-time": A cognitive rationale. In M. R. Mehl & T. S. Conner (Eds.), Handbook of research methods for studying daily life (pp. 22-42). New York: Guilford Press.
50. Shannon, C.E. & Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
51. Sobkowiak, B. (1998). Information processes in organization (Procesy komunikowania się w organizacji). Contemporary communication systems (Współczesne systemy komunikowania). UW, Wrocław, 41-56.
52. Spitzberg, B. H., & Cupach, W. R. (1984). Interpersonal communication competence. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage
53. Stiles, W. B. (1992).Describing talk: A taxonomy of verbal response modes. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
54. Strom, R. D., & Strom, P. S. (2015). Assessment of intergenerational communication and relationships. Educational Gerontology, 41(1), 41-52.
55. Tabuchi, M., & Miura, A. (2016). Intergenerational interactions when transmitting wisdom from older to younger generations. Educational Gerontology, 42(8), 585- 592.
56. Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
57. Taylor, D. A., Wheeler, L., & Altman, I. (1973). Self-disclosure in isolated groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 26(1), 39.
58. The Chinese Culture Connection, (1987). Chinese values and the search for culturefree dimensions of culture, Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 18(2), 143- 164
59. Urick, M. J., Hollensbe, E. C., Masterson, S. S., & Lyons, S. T. (2016). Understanding and managing intergenerational conflict: An examination of influences and strategies. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3(2), 166-185.
60. Van Teijlingen, E., & Hundley, V. (2002). The importance of pilot studies. Nursing standard, 16(40), 33-36.
61. Vertino, K. A. (2014). Effective interpersonal communication: A practical guide to improve your life. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 19(3).
62. Way, A. K., & Medved, C. E. (2017). Intergenerational Communication in the Workplace. The International Encyclopedia of Organizational Communication.
63. Westerhof, G. J., & Tulle, E. (2007). Meanings of ageing and old age: Discursive contexts, social attitudes, and personal identities. In J. Bond, S. Peace, F. Dittmann-Kohli, & G. Westerhof (Eds.), Ageing in society (pp. 235-254). London: Sage.
64. Wiemann, J. M. (1977). Explication and test of a model of communication competence. Human Communication Research, 3, 195-213.
65. Williams, A., & Garrett, P. (2012). Teenagers’ perceptions of communication and ‘good communication’ with peers, young adults, and older adults. Language Awareness, 21(3), 267-278.
66. Williams, A., & Nussbaum, J. F. (2013). Intergenerational communication across the life span. Routledge.
67. Williams, A., & Thurlow, C. (Eds.). (2005). Talking adolescence: Perspectives on communication in the teenage years (Vol. 3). Peter Lang.
68. Wood, J. T. (2010).Interpersonal communication: Everyday encounters. Nelson Education.
69. Yeh, J. H. B. (2010). Relations matter: Redefining communication competence from a Chineseperspective. Chinese Journal of Communication, 3(1), 64-75.
70. Zhang, Y. B. (2004). Initiating factors of Chinese intergenerational conflict: Young adults' written accounts. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 19(4), 299-319.
71. Zhang, Y. B., & Hummert, M. L. (2001). Harmonies and tensions in Chinese intergenerational communication: Young and older adults’ accounts. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 11(2), 203-230.
72. Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., & Hummert, M. L. (2005). Perceptions of conflict management styles in Chinese intergenerational dyads. Communication Monographs, 72(1), 71-91.
73. Zhang, Y. B., Hummert, M. L., & Garstka, T. A. (2002). Stereotype traits of older adults generated by young, middle-aged, and older Chinese participants. Hallym International Journal of Aging, 2(4), 119-140.

簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

相關論文