鎳的價格在過去30年經歷多次起伏，面對日漸成長的需求量，其價格預期將持續走升，若能由廢水中回收鎳再利用，對於鎳的永續使用以及價格穩定，都會有相當的貢獻。從廢水中回收鎳的技術有兩大優點，其一，減少對土壤或水體的汙染；其二，使產線中投入的原物料及水資源循環利用。現行回收技術具有不同面向的缺點，例如：生物處理的效率過低、化學藥劑處理加入大量化學品有二次汙染的疑慮、物理方法選擇性不佳等。電化學法能夠兼具選擇性及效率，且化學品的需求量較低，但廢水中的干擾物會使效率降低，且以水為溶劑的系統面臨水電解反應的競爭，若可解決上述問題，電化學法將有望成為含鎳廢水處理最有效的技術。本研究選擇利用離子液體解決上述問題，離子液體具寬廣的電化學窗口，能夠抑制副反應發生，且特定官能基與金屬的親和性可提升選擇性，但目前的研究較常將離子液體作為溶劑，需要大量的離子液體，導致成本提升，不利於實際應用。因此，本研究設計出兩端有不同功能的離子液體，將其作為回收鎳的選擇層，苯乙烯基的雙鍵將離子液體固定於電極表面，咪唑環提升對於鎳的選擇性。離子液體的結構透過紅外線光譜以及核磁共振光譜證明合成成功。接著使用拉曼光譜、能量色散X射線譜以及電子顯微鏡比較電接枝前後的電極，證明離子液體被固定在電極上且均勻覆蓋在電極表面。為了在離子液體用量及鎳回收量中取得平衡，本研究測試在不同通電量下進行電接枝的實驗，結果顯示以0.6 mC接枝離子液體的電極有最高的回收量。在選擇性的驗證實驗中，我們在電鍍液中加入四種金屬離子，並以相同的電鍍電位進行還原，結果顯示本研究使用的離子液體對鎳展現出良好的選擇性，鎳在離子液體表面形成樹枝狀的結晶。酸性條件下進行電鍍常會發生析氫現象，但本研究結果顯示，離子液體的存在抑制了此現象發生，在酸性環境下能夠大幅提升鎳回收量，最少提高了2.34倍、最多則提高了3.03倍。
測試不同電壓及酸鹼值時，pH 4.0的情況下，理論回收量從還原電位低至高(-0.5 V~ -1.0 V)分別為112.24, 53.22, 94.58, 89.29, 66.61, 以及95.62 nmol/scm2，此組別在-0.5 V時有最高的理論回收量112.24 nmol/scm2。pH 5.7的情況下(與電鍍業廢水pH值相近)，理論回收量從還原電位低至高分別為50.69, 63.79, 52.86, 107.56, 56.05, 以及97.36 nmol/scm2，在-0.8 V時有最高的理論回收量107.56 nmol/scm2。pH 6.5的情況下，理論回收量從還原電位低至高分別為60.69, 67.52, 117.65, 89.72, 145.34, 以及64.56 nmol/scm2，此組別在-0.9 V時有最高的理論回收量145.34 nmol/scm2。由上述結果可觀察出，電鍍的電壓以及溶液的酸鹼值對於鎳回收量都有影響，未來須針對這兩項變數進一步優化，才能達到最佳的鎳回收量。
調控不同電流密度時，相對於沒有離子液體的控制組，離子液體在各組條件中都能增加回收量，最少能提升1.6倍，最多能提升3倍，高電流密度有較好的回收量9.58 nmol/scm2，但與同樣條件下能達到的最高理論回收量70.71 nmol/scm2相比依然有落差。在本研究進行的實驗範圍內，以-0.8 V進行鎳回收有最高的理論回收量，因此使用此條件進行含不同鎳濃度的模擬廢水進行鎳電鍍回收，結果顯示在15 mM的條件下有最高的回收量30.195 nmol/scm2。

The price of nickel has increased in the past 30 years and is expected to continue to rise in the face of growing demand. The technology of recovering nickel from wastewater has two major advantages: firstly, it reduces the contamination of wastewater to the soil or water body; and secondly, it recycles the raw materials and water resources invested in the production line. The current technology has different challenges, such as the low efficiency of biological treatment, the concern of secondary pollution by adding a large number of chemicals in the chemical treatment, and the poor selectivity of physical methods.
Electrochemical methods can be both selective and efficient and require fewer chemicals. However, interferences in the wastewater reduce efficiency and systems that use water as the solvent face competition from aqueous electrolysis. The wide electrochemical window of ionic liquids can inhibit the occurrence of side reactions, and the affinity of specific functional groups to metals further enhances the selectivity. Current studies use ionic liquids more often as solvents, and the need for large amounts of ionic liquids means higher costs, which is unfavorable for practical applications. Therefore, in this study, we designed an ionic liquid with different functions at each end to be used as the selective layer for electroplating recycling. The double bond of the styryl group fixes the ionic liquids on the surface of the electrode, and the imidazole ring enhances the selectivity for nickel, which is proved to be successfully synthesized by infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Then, Raman spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and electron microscopy were used to compare the electrodes before and after grafting, and it was proved that the ionic liquid was immobilized on the electrodes and covered the electrode surfaces uniformly.
To strike a balance between the amount of ionic liquid and the amount of nickel recovered, this study tested the electro-grafting experiment at different energies, and the results showed that the electrode with 0.6 mC had the highest nickel recovery. Four metal ions were added to the electroplating solution to test the selectivity of the ionic liquid. The ionic liquid used in this study showed good selectivity for nickel, which formed dendritic crystals on the surface of the ionic liquid and adsorbed other metals while other metals were not reduced. Hydrogen precipitation often occurs when plating under acidic conditions. The presence of the ionic liquid inhibits this phenomenon and significantly increases the amount of nickel recovered under acidic conditions. The minimum increase is 2.34 times and the maximum increase is 3.03 times.
When testing different voltages and pH values, at pH 4.0, the theoretical recovery amounts from low to high reduction potentials were 112.24, 53.22, 94.58, 89.29, 66.61, and 95.62 nmol/scm2, respectively, and this group had the highest theoretical recoveries at -0.5 V. In the case of pH 5.7, the theoretical recovery amounts were 50.69, 63.79, 52.86, 107.56, 56.05, and 97.36 nmol/scm2 from the low to high reduction potentials, which were the closest to the conditions of plating wastewater, and the highest theoretical recovery amounts were found at -0.8 V. For pH 6.5, the theoretical recovery amounts from the low to high reduction potentials were 60.69, 67.52, 117.65, 89.72, 145.34, and 64.56 nmol/scm2, respectively, and the highest theoretical recoveries were obtained at -0.9 V for this group. As shown in the results, the plating voltage and the pH value of the solution both have an effect on the nickel recovery, and these two variables need to be further optimized in the future in order to achieve the best nickel recovery.
When adjusting different current densities, compared to the control group without ionic liquid, the ionic liquid can increase the recovery in all conditions, at least 1.6 times and at most 3 times, and the high current density has a better recovery of 9.58 nmol/scm2, but still lags behind the highest theoretical recovery of 70.71 nmol/scm2 that can be achieved under the same conditions. Reduction at -0.8 V gave the highest theoretical recovery amount among the conditions tested in this study; therefore, -0.8 V was applied to the simulated wastewater containing different nickel concentrations and gave the highest recovery of 30.195 nmol/scm2 at 15 mM.

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