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In the current global context, the imperative to address climate change has become increasingly evident. The overarching goal is to mitigate the environmental impact by achieving net-zero CO2 equivalent emissions by the year 2050. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) serves as a pivotal authority, compiling comprehensive reports that delineate trajectories aimed at realizing this ambitious objective.

Strategies to curtail emissions involve not only enhancing energy efficiency and promoting frugality but also necessitate the development of low-carbon energy sources to power activities that cannot be feasibly reduced. It's essential to note that in this presentation nuclear energy remains a potential option, but it is not universally viable due to constraints related to infrastructure, financial capacity, as well as concern, security, and international relations. Consequently, the focus shifts towards renewable energies, acknowledging that their distribution across the planet is not uniform.

Disparities exist, with some countries endowed with more abundant wind, water, or sunlight resources than others. This discrepancy necessitates a comprehensive approach to the production and distribution of renewable energy. Renewable energy sources present a more decentralized yet uneven allocation. Therefore, an imperative emerges to devise mechanisms for equitable distribution, ensuring that countries with abundant resources contribute significantly to a collective global effort.

The aim of this thesis is to highlight the need to create international electricity networks to decarbonize the electricity mix, while underlining the limits that this implies.
Key words : China, Mongolia, Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Grid, energy transition

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