本研究針對零售通路業提出一季節性商品整合性配銷與調撥方法，以解決實務中企業因忽略季節性商品特性，所造成的庫存決策失當與偏高的操作成本。季節性商品在配銷作業過程中，一開始會面臨季節性商品當季之一次採購數量的決策；而季節性商品在到貨時，運送至總倉(配送中心)進行儲存與配銷，總公司人員必須制定各零售門市的補貨方法以因應各地需求；最後，若總倉沒有庫存來滿足各零售門市的補貨需求時，零售門市間就必須透過調撥機制來滿足需求。
為解決上述問題，本研究將季節性商品的配銷操作過程分為三大階段：第一階段，利用報童模式決定零售通路商向供應商（一次買斷）的季節性商品最適訂購數量；第二階段為制定「補貨法則」，採用統計的集群分析進行商品分類，並為各類商品制訂最合適的補貨政策，及制定其最佳的控制參數，使總倉配銷到各零售門市的操作成本能夠達到最低；第三階段為當總倉存貨用盡時，提出一數學模式決定各門市最佳的調撥數量，使該商品在本季結束前發生的期望總成本達到最小。
本研究以國內一家著名的家居用品零售商為案例，依照其季節性商品作業情境，分析季節性商品配銷與調撥策略的決策過程，並明確指出如何運用本研究之方法，解決各個配銷與調撥規劃階段的關鍵問題點。最後並採用案例公司的實務資料進行驗證，研究結果顯示相較於案例公司現行季節性商品的配銷與調撥規劃方式，本研究所提出方法明顯地可降低庫存與操作成本。因此本研究所提出季節性商品整合性配銷與調撥方法，將可以提供類似的零售通路業者一套有效的決策輔助機制。

In practice, the managers in retailing usually make their decisions independently when they work for different stages of the distribution and lateral transshipment operations. Without using an integrated approach, the managers suffer the problems of incurring higher costs in their operations and losing opportunities to generate more profit from selling seasonal products. Therefore, we were motivated to present an integrated approach for the distribution and lateral transshipment operations of seasonal products in retailing in this study.
In the proposed approach, we divide the distribution and lateral transshipment operations of seasonal products into three stages. Our goal is to minimize the total costs incurred in the whole selling period of the seasonal product. In the first stage, we propose a newsboy model to determine the optimal one-time-only order quantities of the seasonal products for the managers in the warehouse. Then, we use clustering analysis in the second stage to categorize seasonal products into groups, and establish an optimal control policy for seasonal products in the same group that helps retailers to replenish each seasonal product from the warehouse to meet customers’ demand. Finally, when the warehouse runs out of its inventory, we formulate a mathematic model in the third stage to determine the optimal transshipment quantities among all of the retailers to minimize the expected total costs incurred for the rest of the selling period.
By using a household product company in Taiwan as our case study, we demonstrate how to implement our approaches in the three stages. Also, based on the real-world data of 17 seasonal products, we show that the proposed integrated distribution and lateral transshipment approach significantly outperforms the current decision-making approaches of the company in our case study. Therefore, our proposed integrated approach shall serve as an effective decision support tool for distribution and lateral transshipment operations of seasonal products in retailing.

1.王昱鈞，“於單一倉儲及多個零售商配銷系統中最佳穩定-巢狀存貨政策之研究”，東海大學工業工程與經營資訊系碩士論文，2002。
2.王韋傑，“雙機流程工廠在具有學習效果下之最大延遲時間最小化的研究”，逢甲大學統計與精算研究所碩士論文，2004。
3.王淵海，統計學，王冠出版，2002。
4.林進財，“多站報童存貨決策問題之集中存貨政策對期望成本的影響效果”，國立交通大學管理科學系博士論文，1990。
5.林烜墀，“非線性需求下具雙向折扣之報童模式最佳化決策研究”，屏東科技大學工業管理系碩士論文，1991。
6.林錦鈴，“具平行供貨及折扣的流行商品之存貨模式研究”，雲林科技大學工業工程與工業管理系碩士論文，2000。
7.沈應昌，“配銷體系下訂購點存貨管理系統與物流需求規劃系統（DRP）之比較”，國立台灣大學商學研究所碩士論文，1994。
8.李建宏，“不同需求分配下對報童商品之附加資訊價值研究”，東吳大學商學院企業管理系碩士論文，2004。
9.李駿宏，“平行供貨二階(S-1,S)存貨系統之研究”，國立交通大學工業工程與工業管理系碩士論文，1999。
10.周佳彥，“運用雙影像對應求取3D座標資訊-模擬退火法之應用”，朝陽科技大學工業工程與管理系碩士論文，2003。
11.袁國榮，“強化限制理論 Demand-Pull補貨模式之研究”，國立交通大學工業工程管理學系博士論文，2004。
12.張有恆，物流管理，華泰文化事業股份有限公司，1998。
13.陳佳慧，“以配銷需求規劃(DRP)核心的多層級配銷管理模式”，大葉大學工業工程系碩士論文，1995。
14.陳盈達，“前置時間變動下配銷需求規劃最佳存貨政策之研究”，國立中央大學工業管理學系碩士論文，1997。
15.黃仕慶，“不同需求型態下最佳化供應鏈採購配銷模式之探討”，屏東科技大學工業管理系碩士論文，2003。
16.黃建程，“兩階層配銷系統(R,S)存貨政策--倉儲中心與零售點具相異盤存週期之模式發展”，國立成功大學工業管理科學系碩士論文，2002。
17.黃惠霜，“多元市場多限制條件下同模式之決策分析”，屏東科技大學工業管理系碩士論文，1992。
18.楊適予，“流行服飾業存貨政策之研究”，銘傳管理學院管理科學系碩士論文，1998。
19.劉華，“兩階層配銷系統庫存問題之探討─在訂購點暨固定訂購量存貨模式發展”，國立成功大學工業管理系碩士論文，1997。
20.廖榮章，“多個存貨站訂購政策與調撥政策關聯性之研究”，國立交通大學管理科學研究所碩士論文，1989。
21.潘志剛，“以可能性分配求解報童問題”，國立成功大學工業管理系碩士論文，1996。
22.蔡堯波，“需求隨價格變動的報童模式之探討—以模糊理論可能性分配取代機率性分配”，國立台灣工業技術學院工業管理技術學程碩士論文，1993。
23.蔡瑞隆，“供應鏈中存貨系統資訊價值之探討”，東海大學工業工程與經營資訊系碩士論文，2001。
24.盧舜年、鄒坤霖，供應鏈管理的第一本書，商周出版，2002。
25.簡正儒、蔡惠華，流通系統，高立圖書出版，2002。
26.謝秀然，“多站報童存貨決策問題之集中存貨政策對期望利潤的影響效果”，銘傳管理學院管理科學研究所碩士論文，1996。
27.韓嘉浤，“資源受限下不同有效期限之多商品多階段訂購報童模式”，屏東科技大學工業管理系碩士論文，1992。
28.Aitken, J., Childerhouse, P. and Towill, D., “The Impact of Product Life Cycle on Supply Chain Strategy”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 85, pp. 127-140, 2003.
29.Alfares, H. K. and Elmorra, H. H., “The Distribution-Free Newsboy Problem: Extensions to the Shortage Penalty Case”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 93-94, pp. 465-477, 2005.
30.Archibald, B. C. and Silver, E. A. , “(s,S) Policies under Continuous Review and Discrete Compound Poisson Demand”, Management Science, Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 899-909, 1978.
31.Archibald, B. C., “Continuous Review (s,S) Policies with Lost Sales”, Management Science, Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 1171-1177, 1981.
32.Arkader, R. and Ferreira, C. F., “Category Management Initiatives From the Retailer Perspective: A Study in the Brazlian Grocery Retail Industry”, Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management, Vol. 10, pp. 41-51, 2004.
33.Axsäter, S., “Modelling Emergency Lateral Transshipment in Inventory Systems”, Management Science, Vol. 36, No. 11, pp. 1329-1338, 1990.
34.Banks, J., Casrson, J. S. and Nelson, B. L., Discrete-Event System Simulation, Prentice-Hall, 1995.
35.Banerjee, A. , Burton, S. and Banerjee, S., “Heuristic Production Triggering Mechanisms under Discrete Unequal Inventory Withdrawals”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 45, pp. 83-90, 1996.
36.Brijs, T., Swinnen, G., Vanhoof, K. and Wets, G., “Using Association Rules for Product Assortment Decision: A Case Study”, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 254-260, 1999.
37.Broeckelmann, R. G., Inventory Classification Innovation, CRC Press LLC, 1999.
38.Buzby, B. R., Campbell, G. M. and Webb, I., “Cyclical Schedules for One-Warehouse, Multi-Retailer Systems with Dynamic Demands”, The Journal of the Operaional Research Society, Vol. 50, No. 8, pp. 850-856, 1999.
39.Cachon, G. P., “Exact Evaluation of Batch-Ordering Inventory Policies in Two-Echelon Supply Chains with Periodic Review”, Operational Research Society, Vol. 49, No. 1, pp. 79-98, 2001.
40.Caplin, A. S., “The Variability of Aggregate Demand with (S,s) Inventory Policies”, Econometrica, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 1395-1410, 1985.
41.Casimir, R. J., “The Value of Information in the Multi-Item Newboy Problem”, The International Journal of Management Science, Vol.30, pp. 45-50, 2002.
42.Chang, P. L. and Lin, C. T., “On the Effect of Centralozation on Expected Costs in a Multi-Location Newsboy Problem”, The Journal of Operational Research Society, Vol. 42, No. 11, pp. 1025-1030, 1991.
43.Chen, M. S. and Chuang C. C., “An Extended Newsboy Problem with Shortage-Level Constraints”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 67, pp. 269-277, 2000.
44.Chen, M. S. and Lin, C. T., “Effect of Centralozation on Expected Costs in a Multi-Location Newsboy Problem”, The Journal of Operational Research Society, Vol. 40, No. 6, pp. 597-602, 1989.
45.Chung, C. A., Simulation Modeling Handbook: A Practical Approach, CRC PRESS, 2003.
46.Delfmann, W. and Albers, S., Supply Chain Management in Global Context, Cologne, 2000.
47.Dewsnap, B. and Hart, C., “Category Management: A New Approach for Fashion Marketing”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp. 809-834, 2004.
48.Dvoretzky, A., Kiefer, J. and Wolfwitz, J., “On the Optimal Chatacter of the (s,S) Policy in Inventory Theory”, Econometrica, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 586-596, 1953.
49.Ehrhardt, R. and Mosier, C., “A Revison of Power Approximation for Continuous (s,S) Policies”, Management Science, Vol. 30, No.5, pp. 618-622, 1984.
50.Eppen, G. D., “Effect of Centralization On Expected Costs in a Multi-Location Newsboy Problem”, Management Science, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 498-501, May 1979.
51.Fisher, J. D. M. and Hornstein, A., “(S,s) Inventory Policies in General Equilibrium”, The Review of Economic Studies, Vol.67, No.1, pp. 117-145, 2000.
52.Gallego, G. and Moon, I., “The Distribution Free Newsboy Problem: Review and Extensions”, The Journal of the Operaional Research Society, Vol. 44, No. 8, pp. 825-834, 1993.
53.Hoover, W., Managing the demand-supply chain: value innovations for customer satisfaction, John Wiley, 2001.
54.Irvine, F .O., Jr., “Retailer Inventory Investment and the Cost of Capital”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 633-648, 1981.
55.Janssen, F., Heuts, R. and Kok, T. d., “On the (R,s,Q) Inventory Model When Demand is Modeled as a Compound Bernoulli Process”, Europen Journal Of Operational Research, Vol. 104, pp. 423-436, 1998.
56.Janssen, F., Heuts, R. and Kok, T. d., “The Impact od Data Collection on Fill Rate Performance in the (R, s, Q) Inventory Model”, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 75-84, 1999.
57.Kalymon, B. A., “A Decomposition Algorithm for Arborescence Inventory System”, Operational Research, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 860-874, 1972.
58.Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D. and Vecchi, M.P., “Optimization by simulated annealing”, Science, Vol. 200, No. 4598, pp. 671-680, 1983.
59.Lau, H. S., “The Newsboy Problem under Alternative Optimization Objectives”, The Journal of the Operaional Research Society, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 525-535, 1980.
60.Lau, H. S. and Lau, A. H. L., “The Newsstand Problem: A Capacitated Multiple-Product Single-Period Inventory Problem”, Europen Journal Of Operational Research, Vol. 94, pp. 29-42, 1996.
61.Lau, H. S. and Lau, A. H. L., “Some Results on Implementing a Multi-Item Multi-Constraint Single-Period Inventory Model”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 48, pp. 121-128, 1997.
62.Lau, H. S. and Lau, A. H. L., “Reordering Strategies for a Newsboy-Type Product”, Europen Journal Of Operational Research, Vol. 103, pp. 557-572, 1997.
63.Lau, A. H. L. and Lau, H. S., “Decision Models for Single-Period with Two Ordering Opportunities”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 55, pp. 57-70, 1998.
64.Lau, H. S. and Lau, A. H. L., “Manufacturer’s Pricing Strategy and Return Policy for a Single-Period Commodity”, Europen Journal Of Operational Research, Vol. 116, pp. 291-304, 1999.
65.Lau, A. H. L., Lau, H. S. and Willett, K. D., “Demand Uncertainty and Returns Policies for a Seasonal Product: An Alternative Model”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 66, pp. 1-12, 2000.
66.Lau, A. H. L. and Lau, H. S., “Some Two-Echelon Stytle-Goods Inventory Models with Asymmetric Market Information”, Europen Journal Of Operational Research, Vol. 134, pp. 29-42, 2001.
67.Lau, A. H. L. and Lau, H. S., “The Effects of Reducing Demand Uncertainty in a Manufacturer-Retailer Channel for Single-Period Products”, Computers & Operations Research, Vol. 29, pp. 1583-1602, 2002.
68.Lau, A. H. L. and Lau, H. S., “Comparative Normative Optinal Behavior in Two Echelon Multiple-Retailer Distribution Systems for a Single-Period Product”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol. 144, pp. 659-676, 2003.
69.Lee, H. L., “A Multi-Echelon Inventory Model for Repairable Items with Emergency Lateral Transshipments”, Management Science, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 1302-1316, 1987.
70.Lin, C. R., Lee, C. H., Chen, M. S. and Yu, P. S., “Distributed Data Mining in a Chain Store Database of Short Transactions”, Association for Computing Machinery, pp. 576-581, 2002.
71.Lo, W. Y., Tsai, C. H. and Li, R. K., “Exact Solution of Inventory Replenishment Policy for a Linear Trend In Demand—Two-Equation Model”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol.76, pp. 111-120, 2002.
72.Martin, A. J., DRP：Distribution Resource Planning, John Wiley & Sons, 1995.
73.Martin, C., Logistics and supply chain management: strategies for reducing cost and improving service, Financial Times/Pitman, 1998.
74.Metropolis, N., Rosenbluth, A., Rosenbluth, M. N., Teller, A., and Teller, E., “Equation of State Caculations by Fast Computing Machines”, Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, pp. 1087-1092, 1953.
75.Moon, I. and Chop S., “The Distribution Free Newsboy Problem with Balking”, The Journal of the Operaional Research Society, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 537-5424, 1995.
76.Muckstadt, J. A. and Roundy, R. O., “Multi-Item, One-Warehouse, Multi-Retailer Distribution Systems”, Management Science, Vol. 33, No. 12, pp. 1613-1621 , 1987.
77.Park, K. S. and Kim, D. H., “Congryential Inventory Model for Two-Echelon Distribution Systems”, The Journal of the Operaional Research Society, Vol. 38, No. 7, pp.643-650, 1987.
78.Petrovic, R. and Petrovic, D., “Multicriteria Ranking of Inventory Replenishment Policies in the Presence of Uncertainty in Customer Demand”, International Journal of Production Economics, Vol.71, pp. 439-446, 2001.
79.Platt D. E., Robinson, L. W. and Freund, R. B., “Tractable (Q,R) Heuristic Models for Constrained Service Levels”, Management Science, Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 951-965 , 1997.
80.Punj, G. and Stewart, D. W. , “Cluster Analysis in Marketing Research: Review and Suggestions for Application”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 20, pp. 134-148, 1983.
81.Rogers, D. F. and Tsubakitani, S., “Newsboy-Stytle Results for Multi-Echen Inventory Problems: Backorders Optimization with Intermediate Delays”, The Journal of Operational Research Society, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 57-68, 1991.
82.Roland, Berger & Partner, Category Management Enabling Components Workshop, at the Second ECR Europe Conference in Amsterdam, 1997.
83.Roundy, R., “98%-Effective Integer-Ratio Lot-Sizing for One-Warehouse Multi-Retailer Systems”, Management Science, Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 1416-1430 ,1985.
84.Salmon, K. Associates, Efficient Consumer Response. Enhancing Consumer Value in the Grocery Industry, Washington, DC, 1993.
85.Scarf, H., “A Min-Max Solution of an Inventory Problem”, Studies in The Theory of Inventory and Production, pp. 201-209, 1958.
86.Schwarz, L. B., “A Simple Continuous Review Deterministic One-Warehouse N-Retailer Inventory Problem”, Management Science, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 555-566, 1973.
87.Sharma, S., Applied Multivariate Techniques, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1995.
88.Silver, E. A., Pyke, D. F. and Peterson, R., Inventory Management and Production Planning and Scheduling, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
89.Simchi-Levi, D., Kaminsky, P. and Simchi-Levi, E., Designing & Managing the Supply Chain, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
90.Slikker, M., Franscoo, J. and Wouters, M., “Cooperation Between Multiple News-Vendors with Transshipments”, Europen Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 167, pp. 370-380, 2005.
91.Stevenson, W. J., Operation Management, McGraw-Hill, 2002.
92.Stulman, A., “Benefits of Centralozed Stocking for the Multi-Centre Newsboy Problem with First Come, First Served Allocation”, The Journal of the Operational Research Society, Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 827-832, 1987.
93.Veinott, A. F., “On the Optimality of (s,S) Inventory Policies: New Condition and a New Proof”, SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 1067-1083, 1966.
94.Viswanathan, S. and Piplani, R., “Coordinating supply chain inventories through common replenishment epochs”, European Journal of Operational Research, Vol.129, pp. 277-286, 2001.
95.Woods, J., Whiteet, A., Peterson, K.and Jimenez, M., Demand Chain Management Synchronizes CRM and SCM, Gartner Inc., 2002.
96.Yanagi, S. and Sasaki, M., “An Approximation Method for The Problem of A Repairable-item Inventory System with Lateral Resupply”, IMA Journal Of Mathematics Applied Business and Industry, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 305-314, 1992.
97.Yanagi, S. and Sasaki, M., “Reliability Analysis for a Two-Echenlon Repair System Considering Lateral Resupply, Return Policy and Transportation Times”, Computers & Industry Enginnering, Vol. 27, No. 1-4, pp. 493-496, 1994.
98.Yokoyama, M., “Integrated Optimization of Inventory-Distribution Systems by Random Local Search and a Genetic Algorithm”, Computers & Industry Enginnering, Vol. 42, pp. 175-188, 2002.
99.Zheng, Y. S. and Federgruen A., “Finding Optimal (s,S) Policies Is about as Simple as Evaluating a Single Policy”, Operations Research, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 654-665, 1991.
100.Zipkin, P. H., Foundations of inventory management, McGraw-Hill, 2000.