自工業4.0的概念從2013年的德國漢諾威工業博覽會被提出後，美國、中國、日本、英國、台灣等國亦紛紛擬定智慧製造國家政策，除了力拼產業轉型，也試圖爭奪製造業下一代霸主的地位。然而，工業4.0的概念對於許多企業而言尚屬模糊，即便瞭解其內涵，也大多在觀望中。本研究探討全球十二個傳統產業導入智慧製造的成功個案，說明其背景、導入方式及成功模式，提供一個從概念到實踐的指引，期許企業未來導入工業4.0時，能夠更有系統地規劃與推行。

More and more countries such as America, China, Japan, England and Taiwan have legislated for intelligent manufacturing since the concept of industry 4.0 was presented at Hanover Fair 2013. However, one of the main obstacles is that many enterprises regard it as an ambiguous notion, even if they understand, most of them tend to observe other successful cases before they implement it. In this paper, by researching 12 international enterprise models, I attempt to show that how intelligent manufacturing could be introduced into traditional industries by analyzing their backgrounds, methods and success factors. This study aims to contribute to manufacturing industries by guiding them on a systematical path.

ㄧ、中文部分
1. 邦廷，2016，〈獨家專訪德國工業4.0平台秘書長邦廷：企業不改變，就等著關門大吉〉，天下雜誌，601期：頁90-93。
2. 李傑，2016，《工業大數據 工業4.0時代的智慧轉型與價值創新》。台北：天下雜誌。
3. 洪世章，2016，《創新六策：寫給創新者的關鍵思維》。台北：聯經。
4. 洪世章、曾詠青，2014，「師出有名：如何做好政策行銷」，產業與管理論壇，16（2）：頁26-42。
5. 韋康博，2016，《工業4.0：從製造業到「智」造業，下一波產業革命如何顛覆全世界》。台北：商周出版。
6. 辜樹仁，2016 a，〈奧普蒂瑪：別人還沒開始談工業4.0，我們已經做了〉，天下雜誌，601期：頁112-114。
7. 辜樹仁，2016 b，〈勞斯萊斯：不賣飛機引擎，改賣「飛行時數」〉，天下雜誌，601期：頁108-110。
8. 辜樹仁，2016 c，〈倫茨：隨傳隨到，為客戶隔空抓錯〉，天下雜誌，601期：頁118-119。
9. 賀桂芬，2016 a，〈工業4.0非大公司專利，中小企業團結打群架〉，天下雜誌，601期：頁94-98。
10. 賀桂芬，2016 b，〈百年企業三年「換心」，秤斤論兩賣空氣〉，天下雜誌，601期：頁116-117。
11. 劉欣（譯），2015。Alfons Botthof ＆ Ernst Andreas Hartmann著。《工業4.0 結合物聯網與大數據的第四次工業革命》（Zukunft der Arbeit in Industrie 4.0）。台北：四塊玉文創。
12. 歐志球，2016，《KAESER報告-生產行業雜誌2016》。科堡，德國：Kaeser Kompressoren.
13. 曠文琪、曾如瑩，2016，〈製造業開戰！速度美國進逼精密德國〉，商業周刊，1517期：頁94-101。
二、英文部分
1. Allmendinger, G., & Lombreglia, R. 2005. Four strategies for the age of smart services. Harvard business review, 83(10): 131.
2. Bauernhansl, T., Ten Hompel, M., & Vogel-Heuser, B. 2014. Industrie 4.0 in Produktion, Automatisierung und Logistik (Industry 4.0 in production, automation and logistics). Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer.
3. Brettel, M., Friederichsen, N., Keller, M., & Rosenberg, M. 2014. How virtualization, decentralization and network building change the manufacturing landscape: An industry 4.0 perspective. International Journal of Mechanical, Industrial Science and Engineering, 8(1): 37-44.
4. Capron, L., & Mitchell, W. 2010. Finding the right path. Harvard Business Review, 88(7-8): 102-107.
5. Christensen, C., Allworth, J., & Dillon, K. 2012. How will you measure your life? New York: Harper Business.
6. Drath, R., & Horch, A. 2014. Industrie 4.0: Hit or hype? IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, 8(2): 56-58.
7. Drucker, P. F. 1988. The Coming of the New Organization. Harvard Business Review, 66: 45-53.
8. Eisenhardt, K. M. 1989. Building theories from case study research. Academy of management review, 14(4): 532-550.
9. Eisenhardt, M. K., & Martin, A. J. 2000. Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21(10-11): 1105-1121.
10. Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. 2007. Theory building from cases: Opportunities and challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50(1): 25-32.
11. Gaub, H. 2015. Customization of mass-produced parts by combining injection molding and additive manufacturing with Industry 4.0 technologies. UK: Elsevier Science Ltd.
12. General Electric Company. 2016. GE 2015 Annual Report. Fairfield, Connecticut: General Electric Company
13. Hermann, M., Pentek, T. & Otto, B. 2016. Design Principles for Industry 4.0 Scenarios: A Literature Review. Working Paper, Technische Universität, Dortmund, Germany.
14. Hoopes, D. G., & Steven, P. 1999. Shared knowledge, "glitches," and product development performance. Strategic Management Journal, 20(9): 837-865.
15. Kagermann, H., Wahlster, W., & Helbig, J. 2013. Securing the Future of German Manufacturing Industry: Recommendations for Implementing the Strategic Initiative INDUSTRIE 4.0. Germany: Industrial 4.0 working group, Federal Ministry of education and research.
16. Kavadias, S., Ladas, K., & Loch, C. 2016. The transformative business model. Harvard business review, 94(10): 90-98.
17. KSB Aktiengesellschaft. 2015. Annual Report 2015. Frankenthal, Germany: KSB Group.
18. KUKA Aktiengesellschaft. 2016. KUKA Aktiengesellschaft Annual Report 2015. Augsburg, Germany: KUKA Aktiengesellschaft.
19. Langley, A. 1999. Strategies for theorizing from process data. Academy of Management, 24(4): 691-710.
20. Lasi, H., Fettke, P., Kemper, H. G., Feld, T., & Hoffmann, M. 2014. Industry 4.0. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6(4): 239.
21. Lee, J., Kao, H. A., & Bagheri, B. 2015. A cyber-physical systems architecture for industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems. Manufacturing Letters, 3: 18-23.
22. Lee, J., Kao, H. A., & Yang, S. 2014. Service innovation and smart analytics for industry 4.0 and big data environment. Procedia CIRP, 16: 3-8.
23. Lenze SE. 2015. Annual Report 2014/2015. Hameln, Germany: Lenze SE
24. Miles, R. H. 2010. Accelerating corporate transformations (Don’t lose your nerve!) Harvard Business Review, 88(1): 68-75.
25. Purper, G. 2015. Trends in automation 2.2015. Esslingen, Germany: FESTO AG&CO, KG.
26. Ragin, C. C. 1987. The Comparative Methods. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
27. Robert Bosch GmbH. 2015. Annual Report 2015. Stuttgart, Germany: Robert Bosch GmbH.
28. Rolls-Royce plc. 2016. Annual Report 2015. London, England: Rolls-Royce Holdings plc
29. Schumacher, C. 2015. ARBURG today magazine No.59. Lossburg, Germany: ARBURG GmbH.
30. Schumacher, C. 2016. ARBURG today magazine No.60. Lossburg, Germany: ARBURG GmbH.
31. Shrouf, F., Ordieres, J., & Miragliotta, G. 2014. Smart Factories in Industry 4.0: A Review of the Concept and of Energy Management Approached in Production Based on the Internet of Things Paradigm. IEEE Conference Publications: 697-701.
32. VDMA. 2015. Industries 4.0 in practice – Solutions for industries applications. Frankfurt, Germany: VDMA.
33. VDMA. 2016. Industries 4.0 in practice – Solutions for industries applications. Frankfurt, Germany: VDMA.
34. Yin, R. K. 1984. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. London, Sage Publications.
35. Yin, R. K. 1994. Case study research: Design and methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
36. Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., & Sapienza, H. J. 2001. Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7): 587-613.