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研究生： 周品宏
Jhou, Pin-Hong
論文名稱： 機場微電網之開發及其與電網/電動車/飛機之互聯操作
DEVELOPMENT OF AIRPORT MICROGRID AND ITS INCORPORATED OPERATIONS TO GRID, ELECTRIC VEHICLE AND AIRCRAFT
指導教授： 廖聰明
Liaw, Chang-Ming
口試委員: 徐國鎧
Shyu, Kuo-Kai
陳盛基
Chen, Seng-Chi
黃智方
HUANG, CHIH-FANG
張淵智
Chang, Yuan-Chih
學位類別： 博士
Doctor
系所名稱： 電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系
Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年： 2024
畢業學年度： 112
語文別： 英文
論文頁數： 213
中文關鍵詞： 機場微電網 、太陽光伏 、燃料電池 、單週期控制 、電池 、飛輪 、垂降控制 、電動車 、多電氣化飛機 、地面電源裝置 、開關式磁阻馬達 、風力發電機 、最大功率追蹤 、切換式整流器
外文關鍵詞： Airport microgrid, photovoltaic, fuel cell, one-cycle control, battery, flywheel, droop control, electric vehicle, more electric aircraft, ground power unit, switched-reluctance motor, wind generator, MPPA, SMR
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    • 本論文旨在開發機場雙極性直流微電網及從事其與電網、電動車及多電飛機之互聯操作。微電網之共通直流鏈電壓由光伏及燃料電池經由單向三階升壓轉換器建立，由所提電流單周期控制及電壓強健控制，獲得良好之電壓動態響應。並提出光伏最大功率追蹤及燃料電池能源支撐方法，施行兩輸入電源之能源協調操作。為增進微電網之供電可靠性，構裝含電池及飛輪之混合儲能系統，兩者經由各自之三階雙向介面轉換器接至共同直流匯流排，由所提垂降控制策略獲得良好之能源支撐充放電特性。當系統能源過剩時，利用所構裝之傾卸切換電阻負載，防止直流匯流排之過壓。
    所建微電網與電網間之互聯操作，係以中性點箝位三階三相變頻器為之。除從電網至微電網之電能支撐外，微電網亦可傳送預設之電能至電網。更且，微電網至電動車與電動車至微電網之雙向互聯操作亦可施行，所有互聯操作亦應用垂降控制。對於降落的飛機，也可進行雙向之微電網至飛機及飛機至微電網操作。所開發之微電網可具飛機地面電源裝置之功能，多電飛機上之設施可由微電網供電，包括115V/400Hz交流匯流排、270V直流匯流排及開關式磁阻馬達驅動系統等。
    出於安全考量，光伏較適用為機場微電網之再生能源，但風力發電機於無地形限制之特定機場亦可採用。為提升風力發電機之發電特性，並增進其應用潛力，本論文進一步開發一強健無位置感測風力內置磁石式永磁同步發電機，結合風機之最大功率追蹤控制及發電機之最大功率每安培控制，改善發電效率。後接於永磁同步發電機之維也納開關式整流器，由所提修正式單週期控制機構，消除固有之電流失真，獲得穩定之自動換相角移位，提高發電特性。於所提強健無位置感測控制機構，應用頻率篩選技術，降低高頻雜訊之影響，提高轉子位置之估測準確度，優化風力永磁同步發電機效率。所建以風力發電機為主之微電網，以實測評定其操作特性，而具光伏及風力發電機機場微電網之操控將評述及建議之。

    This dissertation presents the development of an airport bipolar DC microgrid and its interconnected operations with utility grid, electric vehicle (EV) and more electric aircraft (MEA). The microgrid DC-bus voltage is established by the main sources with photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC) via unidirectional three-level (3L) boost converters. The one-cycle control (OCC) based current control scheme, quantitative and robust voltage control scheme are proposed to yield satisfactory voltage dynamic response. Moreover, the PV maximum power point tracking (MPPT) with FC energy supporting approach is developed. The equipped hybrid energy storage system (HESS) consists of energy-type battery and power-type flywheel. Each device is interfaced to the common DC bus via its own 3L bidirectional interface converter. The energy coordinated operation is achieved by the proposed droop control scheme. A dump load leg is added to avoid the overvoltage due to energy surplus.
    The grid-connected energy complementary operation is conducted using a neutral point clamped (NPC) 3L three-phase inverter. In addition to the energy support from grid-to-microgrid (G2M), the reverse microgrid-to-grid (M2G) operation is also conductible. Moreover, the microgrid-to-vehicle (M2V) and vehicle-to-microgrid (V2M) bidirectional operations can also be applicable. The droop control is also applied to perform these interconnected operations. For the grounded aircraft, its bidirectional microgrid-to-airport (M2A)/airport-to-microgrid (A2M) operations to microgrid can be performed. The aircraft ground power unit (GPU) function is preserved by the developed microgrid. The MEA on-board facilities can be powered by the microgrid, including 115V/400Hz AC bus, 270V DC bus, and the switched-reluctance motor (SRM) drive, etc.
    Although PV is more adequate to be the airport microgrid renewable source due to the safety reason, wind generator can also be applicable for some specific airports without terrain limitation. To improve the generating performance of a wind generator and increase its application potential, this dissertation further develops a robust position sensorless wind IPMSG. It incorporates MPPT for wind energy extraction and maximum power per ampere (MPPA) control for IPMSG. The IPMSG followed Vienna switch-mode rectifier (SMR) applies modified OCC scheme to yield stable MPPA. The inherent current distortion is eliminated to allow flexible commutation angle shifting. Additionally, a robust position sensorless control scheme is developed. A frequency-screening technique is proposed to improve the rotor position estimation performance amid noise effects and optimize the wind IPMSG efficiency. The established wind generator based microgrid is experimentally evaluated. And the operation control of airport microgrid with PV and wind generator will be commented and suggested.

    ABSTRACT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii LIST OF CONTENTS iii LIST OF FIGURES vii LIST OF TABLES xx LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Literature Survey 2 1.2.1 Microgrids 2 1.2.2 Interface DC/DC Converter 3 1.2.3 PWM Inverter 4 1.2.4 Energy Storage Systems 5 1.2.5 Movable Energy Storage 6 1.2.6 Electric Machines 6 1.2.7 More Electric Aircraft 7 1.3 Contribution of this Dissertation 7 1.4 Organization of this Dissertation 9 CHAPTER 2 EXPLORATION OF RELATED TECHNOLOGIES 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Microgrid Systems 12 2.2.1 Types of Microgrid 12 2.2.2 Controls of Microgrid 15 2.2.3 Voltage Level Consideration for DC Microgrid 16 2.3 Renewable and Distributed Sources 17 2.3.1 Wind Energy Conversion System 17 2.3.2 Governing Equations 17 2.3.3 Some Wind Generator Systems 18 2.4 Energy Storage Devices 19 2.4.1 Battery 19 2.4.2 Flywheel 21 2.4.3 Supercapacitor 24 2.5 Interface Converters 24 2.5.1 DC-DC Converters 24 2.5.2 Switch-mode Rectifiers and Inverters 27 2.6 Electric Machines 30 2.6.1 Synchronous Machine 30 2.6.2 Switched-Reluctance Machine 39 CHAPTER 3 THE ESTABLISHED AIRPORT MICROGRID 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 PV and FC Powered Bipolar DC Microgrid 42 3.2.1 Renewable and Distributed Energy Sources 42 3.2.2 Three-level Boost Converter 46 3.2.3 Interleaved Three-level Boost Converter 57 3.2.4 DC Microgrid with Integrated PV and FC Sources 68 3.3 Grid-connected inverter 72 3.3.1 Single-phase Three-wire Load Inverter 72 3.3.2 Three-phase Three-wire Load Inverter 88 3.3.3 M2G/G2M Operations via 3P3W Inverter 97 3.3.4 Grid-Connected Operation via Three-level NPC Inverter 102 3.4 Energy storage system 108 3.4.1 Energy Storage Devices 108 3.4.2 Battery Energy Storage System 110 3.4.3 Flywheel Energy Storage System 118 3.4.4 The Proposed Droop Control Method 127 CHAPTER 4 INTEGRATED OPERATION OF EV 130 4.1 Introduction 130 4.2 System Configuration 130 4.3 CLLC Resonant DC/DC Converter 131 4.3.1 Voltage Transfer Characteristics 132 4.3.2 Circuit Operations 134 4.3.3 Design of System Components 139 4.3.4 Control Strategy 144 4.3.5 Measured Results 144 4.4 EV Integrated Operation with Airport Microgrid 147 4.4.1 EV Battery System 147 4.4.2 Measured Results 149 CHAPTER 5 INTEGRATED OPERATION OF MEA 153 5.1 Introduction 153 5.2 System Configuration 153 5.2.1 270Vdc Converter 154 5.2.2 115V/400Hz High-Frequency Inverter 156 5.2.3 Switched-Reluctance Motor Drive 158 5.3 Experimental Evaluation of the MEA 161 5.3.1 MEA Major AC Bus and DC Bus 161 5.3.2 SRM Drive 163 CHAPTER 6 A ROBUST SENSORLESS WIND INTERIOR PERMANENT-MAGNET SYNCHROUS GENERATOR 166 6.1 Introduction 166 6.2 System Configuration 166 6.3 IPMSG with the proposed OCC Vienna SMR 168 6.3.1 Basics of IPMSG 168 6.3.2 Three-phase Vienna Boost SMR 168 6.3.3 Circuit Components 172 6.3.4 The Proposed Commutation Shifting Scheme for IPMSG Followed by OCC Vienna SMR 173 6.3.5 The Proposed Current Distortion Elimination Scheme 174 6.3.6 IPMSG Maximum Power Per Ampere (MPPA) Control 176 6.3.7 Voltage Control Scheme 178 6.4 The Developed Position Sensorless IPMSG 183 6.4.1 The Proposed Robust PLL Position Sensorless Control Scheme 183 6.4.2 Control Methodology 183 6.4.3 The Proposed Robust Position Error Cancellation Controller (RPECC) 183 6.4.4 Experimental Evaluation 186 6.5 The Developed Robust Sensorless Wind Generator with MPPT 187 6.5.1 Wind Turbine Emulator 187 6.5.2 MPPT Operation 188 6.5.3 Experimental Evaluation 188 6.6 Evaluation of the Wind IPMSG Based Microgrid 192 6.6.1 Wind IPMSG under Constant Voltage Mode 193 6.6.2 Wind PMSG under MPPT Mode 194 6.7 Airport Microgrid with Wind Generator 197 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS 198 REFERENCES 200 BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE 213

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    C. Inverter
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    D. Energy Storage System
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    E. EV Bidirectional Battery Charger
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