本文研究使用Van Bavel et al. (2022) 於2020年調查之跨國個體問卷資料，搭配自行蒐集各國領導人性別及國家民主指數之政體分類串連為一獨特資料庫，以實證角度分析國家領導人性別、國家政體、國民人格特質以及就業情形對於公共衛生政策支持度之影響，期能以循證角度提供政府施政建議，據以提升政策推展成效。
本文主要實證結果顯示，「領導人性別」對於「政府封城」與「個人衛生習慣」兩項政策支持度均呈現顯著負向效果，對於國民「維持社交距離」的支持度則未有關聯；「國家政體」對於「政府封城」政策、「個人衛生習慣」支持度之迴歸結果均呈現高度顯著負相關，對於「維持社交距離」的支持度同樣未出現關聯。此結果顯示兩個主要變數對於不同防疫政策存在個別影響，以「政府封城」和「個人衛生習慣」的影響幅度觀之，「政治體制」的效果遠大於「領導人性別」。
而針對民眾主觀感受及客觀資訊的估計結果顯示女性民眾皆呈現統計上顯著，代表本文考量三項防疫政策之主要支持族群來自女性，而一般咸認的女性領導人其對政策的支持效果反而不如預期。民眾的職業可能影響其支持公共衛生政策的成本，並且反映在政策支持度上。全職與兼職因工作與家計外出需求且客觀上難以時刻維持社交距離，故對於封城及維持社交距離政策上呈現負向顯著效果。全職者因長時間外出工作需求，則對注重手部及環境清潔與消毒等個人衛生習慣存在正向顯著效果。最後，本文建議政府擬定國家防疫政策時，除既定之領導人性別、政治體制之外，亦應考量民眾的主觀期待與情感，才能運用團體的力量與從眾的心態，爭取群眾對國家認同與政府信賴，並依據不同族群施以不同的政策措施，以收較顯著的政策效果。

This thesis aims to explore the impact of female leaders and political regimes public policies amid COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieving the gender of country leaders from Wikipedia and the political regimes from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, we compile the transnational individual questionnaires data by Van Bavel et al. (2022) to generate an unique data set for our empirical investigation.
Our findings suggest that both female leaders and democratic regime have significant negative effects on the lockdown policy and personal hygiene habits but no relationship with the social distancing is found. Furthermore, the democratic regime shows the more significantly negative effect than female leaders. Nevertheless, female citizens in a country are more willing to support all three policies we consider in this paper than males.
In addition, the empirical analysis results indicate that people with different occupations take cost into their considerations when they decide to obey the public health policies or not. Full-time and part-time workers have significant negative effects on lockdown policy and social distancing. Full-time workers are apt to pay attention to clean and disinfect hands, necessities and environments. Our findings, in a nutshell, are able to provide a sound basis for public policy decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic.

陳伯亮 詹宇鈞 王復德 (2021): “新興傳染性疾病: 後疫情時代的問題與挑戰,” 《感控雜誌》, 31, 283-291。
陳瑞光 (2022): “五分鐘看新冠肺炎,” 《高雄榮總醫訊》, 25(2), 9。
羅新興 林靜如 (2007): “領導者和追隨者的性別組成與追隨者 服從意願之關係,” 《東吳經濟商學學報》, 59, 101-118。
Aldrich, A. S. and N. J. Lotito (2020): “Pandemic Performance: Women Leaders in the COVID-19 Crisis,” Politics & Gender, 16, 960-967.
Carayannis, E. G., D. F. J. Campbell and E. Grigoroudis (2021): “Democracy and the Environment: How Political Freedom Is Linked with Environmental Sustainability,” Sustainability, 13, 5522-5537.
Dada, S., H. C. Ashworth, M. J. Bewa and R. Dhatt (2020): “Words Matter: Political and Gender Analysis of Speeches Made by Heads of Government during the COVID-19,” BMJ Global Health, 6-18.
Hakan, U. (2022): “Democracy and Economic Growth,” Iksad Publications.
Hale, T., J. Anania, B. A. Mello, N. Angrist, R. Barnes, T. Boby, E. Cameron-Blake, A. Cavalieri, M. D. Folco, B. Edwards, L. Ellen, J. Elms, R. Furst, K. Green, R. Goldszmidt, L. Hallas, B. Kira, M. Luciano, S. Majumdar, R. Nagesh, A. Petherick, T. Phillips, A. Pott, J. Sampaio, H. Tatlow, A. Wade, S. Webster, A. Wood, H. Zha and Y. Zhang (2022): “Variation in Government Responses to COVID-19,” Blavatnik School of Government Working Paper.
Karabulut, G., K. F. Zimmermann, M. H. Bilgin and A. C. Doker (2021): “Democracy and COVID-19 Outcomes,” Economics Letters, 203, 109840-109844.
Perkins, S. E., K. W. Phillips and N. Pearce (2013): “Ethnic Diversity, Gender, and National Leaders,” Journal of International Affairs, 67, 85-104.
Van Bavel, J. J., A. Cichocka, V. Capraro, H. Sjåstad, J. B. Nezlek, T. Pavlović, M. Alfano, M. J. Gelfand, F. Azevedo, M. D. Birtel, A. Cislak, P. L. Lockwood, R. M. Ross, K. Abts, E. Agadullina, J. J. B. Aruta, S. N. Besharati, A. Bor, B. L. Choma,…, P. S. Boggio (2022): “National Identity Predicts Public Health Support during a Global Pandemic,” Nature communications, 13, 517.
Windsor, L. C., G. Y. Reinhardt, A. J. Windsor, R Ostergard, S. Allen and C. Burns (2020): “Gender in the Time of COVID-19: Evaluating National Leadership and COVID-19 Fatalities,” PLoS ONE, 15(12).
Zimmermann, K. F., G. Karabulut, M. H. Bilgin and A. C. Doker (2020): “Inter-country Distancing, Globalisation and the Coronavirus Pandemic,” The World Economy, 43, 1484-1498.