文獻上鮮少論述以使用者為中心（User Centered Design）來探討乳牛場精準管理的服務創新與服務設計，因此本研究嘗試以牧場從業人員為中心，探索牧場從業人員乳牛健康與繁殖管理之需求。我們發現牧場管理泌之兩項重要任務－『觀察牛隻發情』與『觀察牛隻反芻』，學術研究上，已有許多有效解決問題之乳牛場精準管理技術創新，然而這些技術創新都針對單一問題，因此我們必須同時整合兩項現有乳牛場精準管理之技術創新，Wireless pH Sensor 與Motion Sensor ，以行動App與雲端運算平台整合乳牛場精準管理之技術創新，並發展而成牧場管理之服務創新，提供牧場管理更佳的服務體驗。雲端平台藉由利用pH Sensor 全天候監控瘤胃 pH值，計算瘤胃pH值變化與推測反芻時間，牧場從業人員可藉由行動App了解乳牛健康，營養顧問亦可透過行動App確認飼料配方之合適性。精準的監控，減少倚重經驗法則造成乳牛健康誤判，藉由資料趨勢變化了解到乳牛健康的早期些微變化，提早治療，減低損失，進而有效維持高牛乳品質與產量；雲端平台，將Motion Sensor 收集乳牛日常活動資料，精準計算乳牛發情行為，降低酪農目視監控乳牛發情之誤判，酪農可以透過行動App即時掌握乳牛發情，同時獸醫師亦可以透過行動App得知乳牛發情，適時施予人工受孕，有效達成乳牛再生產之程序。藉由行動App、雲端平台、Wireless pH Sensor & Motion Sensor，滿足現有牧場管理之重要需求，進而協助提高牧場之營運。

There are few papers focused on user-centered service design to introduce technologies for PDF. Therefore, in this study, we tried to use service design approach, exploring operation of dairy farms. We found that in Taiwan there were two important dairy operations, cows’ rumination management and estrus detection management. Although, there were lots of papers addressing researchers’ findings in how to improve dairy operations. These findings were only focused on a specific topic. In order to satisfy dairy operation in Taiwan, we try to develop a service innovation which offering Mobile Apps, Cloud Platform & Computing, and integrating two PDF technologies, Wireless pH Sensor and Motion Sensor. Cloud Platform provides the rumen pH trend by getting data from pH Sensor. Farmers can view this trend in Mobile App, and understand the health of cow’s rumen. Nutritionist can check the property of nutrition recipe according to the data. Cloud Platform also provides the estrus detection by collecting data from motion sensor and calculating the individual cow’s steps. Farmers can understand the estrus status of each cow by Mobile App. Vet. can manage fertilization properly according to the estrus detection alter. Both of PDF technologies were to improve cow’s health management as well as precision re-production management. Mobile App and high performance cloud computing are intended to provide an easy-to-use approach to help farmer to reduce the barriers of technologies and improve the dairy operation.

1. 方家敏（2013/11）。人工生殖技術改善 乳牛產量高。台灣醒報。2013年11月28日，取自於https://anntw.com/articles/20131127-8NEj。
2. 王思涵、李國華、陳志毅、江俊杰、藍蔚文、郭桑硯、張菊犁（2014）。應用無線射頻辨識技術e 化管理乳牛群。畜產研究，47(4)，251-260。取自於：https://www.tlri.gov.tw/TLRIRes/2014-47-4-251-260.pdf 。
3. 王思涵、李國華、張菊犁、賈玉祥（2015）。乳牛精準管理系統之應用。中國畜牧協會。取自於www.csas.org.tw/upload/104003.docx 。
4. 中華民國乳業協會。乳牛的一生。取自於：http://www.holstein.org.tw/Knowledge_MilkStory.php
5. 行政院農業委員會（2015）。5. 蛋類、牛乳、羊乳及養蜂。農業統計年報（104年）。2016年7月12日，取自於：http://agrstat.coa.gov.tw/sdweb/public/book/Book_File.ashx?chapter_id=273_12_2 。
6. 林福仁、陳鴻基、宋同正、鄧怡莘、游曉貞、黃可薰、黃三益、藍啟維（2015）。服務科學－服務系統觀與價值共創論。前程文化。
7. 周文玲（2015）。推動廠農契約產銷 健全國產品乳產業鏈。農委會。農政與農情 104 年第282期。取自於：http://www.coa.gov.tw/ws.php?id=2503944
8. 財團法人中央畜產會。乳牛－產業現況。取自於：https://goo.gl/weahe4 。
9. 黃齡誼(2016)。酪農何去何從？陳明汝：要本土化、自動化、差異化。食力。2016年07月27日，取自於http://www.foodnext.net/issue/paper/4975336530。
10. 傅秀婷（2015）。從價值定位設計到商業模式探討－以捷運車廂播放器為例。清華大學。碩士論文。
11. 蕭淑玲、盧臆嫣、李昱辰、張呈瑋、陳以玲、顏正欣、陳勇叡、楊智偉、方偉翰、翁馨（2012）。服務設計，跟著做。財團法人資訊工業策進會。
12. 龔文仁、楊仁達、林玉凡、洪毓祥、蕭淑玲、蔡家玲、黃宣龍、張呈瑋、林宏駿 （2008）。服務體驗工程方法指引研究篇。財團法人資訊工業策進會。
 英文文獻
1. Azzaro, G., Caccamo, M., Ferguson, J.D., Battiato, S., Farinella, G.M., Guarnera, G.C., Puglisi, G., Petriglieri, R., Licitra, G.(2011), “Objective estimation of body condition score by modeling cow body shape from digital images”, J. Diary Sci., 94(2011), pp. 2126-2137.
2. Bewley, J. (2010), “Precision dairy farming: advanced analysis solutions for future profitability”, The First North American Conference on Precision Dairy Management, March 2-5, 2010 Toronto, Canada.
3. Bitner, M.J., Ostrom, A.L, Morgan, F.N. (2008), “Service Blueprinting: A Practical Technique For Service Innovation”, California Management Review, Vol. 50, No. 3, 66-94.
4. Design Council. (2005), “The Design Process: What is the Double Diamond?”, 2015-03-17, Retrieved from: http://www.designcouncil.org.uk/news-opinion/design-process-what-double-diamond
5. Häikiö, J., Koivumäki, T. (2016), “Exploring Digital Service Innovation Process Through Value Creation”, Journal of Innovation Management, JIM4, 2, pp. 96-124.
6. Kim, W., Mauborgne, R. (2005), “Blue Ocean Strategy: How to Create Uncontested Market Space and Competition Irrelevant”, Harvard Business Press. (黃秀媛譯(2005)，『藍海策略』，天下文化)
7. Moritz, S.(2005), “Service Design: Practical Access to an Evolving Field”, Cologne, Germany: Köln International School of Design.
8. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Smith, A.(2010), “Business Model Generation: A Handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers ”, Wiley. (游傳莉譯(2012)，『獲利世代－自己動手，畫出你的商業模式』，早安財經文化)
9. Osterwalder, A., Pigneur, Y., Bernarda, G., Smith, A.(2014), “Value Proposition Design: How to Create Products and Services Customers Want”, Wiley(季晶晶譯(2015)，『價值主張年代』，天下雜誌)
10. Plaizier, J.C., Krause, D.O., Gozho, G.N., McBride, B.W. (2009), “Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The Physiological causes, incidence and consequences”, The Veterinary Journal, 176, pp 21-31.
11. Roelofs, J.B., Eerdenburg, F.J.C.M., Soede, N.M., Kemp, B. (2005), “Pedometer readings for estrous detection and as predictor for time of ovulation in dairy cattle”, Theriogenology, 64, pp 1690-1703.
12. Rorie, R.W., Bilby, T.R., Lester, T.D. (2002), “Application of Electronic Estrus Detection Technologies to Reproductive Management of Cattle”, Theriogenology, 57, pp. 137-148.
13. Rutten, C.J., Velthuis, A.G.J., Steeneveld, W., Hogeveen, H. (2013), “Invited review: Sensors to support health management on dairy farms”, Journal of Diary Science, 96(4), pp 1928-1952.
14. Sato, S., Mizuguchi, H., Ito, K., Ikuta, K., Kimura, A., and Okada, K. (2012), “Technical note: Development and testing of a radio transmission pH measurement system for continuous monitor of ruminal pH in cows”, Prevent Veterinary Medicine, 103, pp. 274-279.
15. Stickdorn, M., Schneider, J. (2011), “This is Service Design Thinking: Basics, Tools, Cases”, Wiley (池熙璿譯，『這就是服務設計思考』，中國生產力中心)
16. USDA (2016/11/20), “Milk Production”, Retrieved from: http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/MilkProd/2010s/2016/MilkProd-10-20-2016.pdf
17. Weinberg, H. (2002), “Using the ADXL202 in Pedometer and Personal Navigation Applications”, Analog Devices, AN-602 Application Note, retried from http://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/application-notes/513772624AN602.pdf