隨著科技的進步，跨文化及跨背景的人使用電腦中介傳播的媒介(Computer- Mediated Communication, CMC)來進行合作的情況越來越普遍。由於存在不同的 觀點和激發新想法的潛力，使得具有內部多樣性的團隊通常被認為是有利於團隊 表現的。然而，團隊內部的衝突也可能發生在這樣的團體中，特別是對於團隊組成 不平衡的團體。過去的研究指出，群體中的少數成員往往遭受不平等的參與和壓力， 而這可能進一步降低了整個團隊的表現。由於電腦中介傳播使得線上合作更頻繁 地發生，因此我們想要了解使用不同的溝通媒介對於這種多元組成的團體會造成 什麼影響。
在這項研究中，我們著重於性別多樣性的團體。我們招募了 96 位受試者，組 成 三 種 不 同 性 別 組 成 的 團 體 ( female-majority ， equal-gender-composition ， male- majority)，一組四人，並使用兩種不同的溝通媒介(video-text，text-only)於線上 做腦力激盪。研究結果顯示，性別組成和溝通媒介都可以影響團隊的表現和感知的 溝通品質。根據研究結果，我們也提出了日後對於線上合作工具的設計建議。

As technology improves, it is increasingly common for individuals with diverse demographic backgrounds to collaborate through computer-mediated communication (CMC) technologies. Groups with internal diversity are typically considered to be advantageous to group performance due to the presence of different perspectives and the potential to stimulate new ideas. However, intergroup conflicts can also occur in diverse groups, especially for groups with imbalanced composition. Previous studies have pointed out that the minority members in groups often suffer from unequal participation and performance pressure, which may further decrease group outcome. Since CMC tools make online collaboration happen more frequently, it is necessary to understand how the affordance of different communication media influences heterogeneous groups’ collaboration. In this study, we focused on gender diversity and test with three different gender compositions (female-majority, equal-gender-composition, male-majority) using two different communication media (video-text, text-only). Our findings show that both gender composition and communication medium can influence group performance and collaboration. Design implications for online collaboration are provided based on our findings.

1. 黃金蘭, 林以正, 謝亦泰, & 程威銓. (2012). 中文版 [語文探索與字詞計算] 詞典之建立. 中華心理學刊, 54(2), 185-201.
2. Adrianson, L. (2001). Gender and computer-mediated communication: Group processes in problem solving. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(1), 71-94.
3. Baer, J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2008). Gender differences in creativity. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 42(2), 75-105.
4. Beckhusen, J. (2016). Occupations in information technology. US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, US Census Bureau.
5. Brockner, J. (1979). Self-esteem, self-consciousness, and task performance: Replications, extensions, and possible explanations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(3), 447.
6. Burnett, M., Peters, A., Hill, C., & Elarief, N. (2016). Finding gender-inclusiveness software issues with GenderMag: a field investigation. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 2586-2598). ACM.
7. Cohen, L. L., & Swim, J. K. (1995). The differential impact of gender ratios on women and men: Tokenism, self-confidence, and expectations. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(9), 876-884.
8. Collier, B., & Bear, J. (2012). Conflict, confidence, or criticism: An empirical examination of the gender gap in Wikipedia. In CSCW’12: Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work (pp. 383-392).
9. Cox, T. H., & Blake, S. (1991). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for
organizational competitiveness. The Executive, 45-56.
10. Cox, T. (1994). Cultural diversity in organizations: Theory, research and practice. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
11. Cox, B. F. (2002). The relationship between creativity and self-directed learning among adult community college students.
12. Danet, B. (1996). Text as mask: Gender and identity on the Internet. na.
13. Dennis, A. R., Fuller, R. M., & Valacich, J. S. (2008). Media, tasks, and communication processes: A theory of media synchronicity. MIS quarterly, 32(3),
575-600.
14. Elsass, P. M., & Graves, L. M. (1997). Demographic diversity in decision-making
groups: The experiences of women and people of color. Academy of Management
Review, 22(4), 946-973.
15. Fairlie, R. W., Reedy, E. J., Morelix, A., & Russell, J. (2016). Kauffman Index of
Startup Activity: National Trends 2016.
16. Fenwick, G. D., & Neal, D. J. (2001). Effect of gender composition on group
performance. Gender, Work & Organization, 8(2), 205-225.
17. Filippova, A., Trainer, E., & Herbsleb, J. D. (2017). From diversity by numbers to
diversity as process: supporting inclusiveness in software development teams with brainstorming. In Proceedings of the 39th International Conference on Software Engineering (pp. 152-163). IEEE Press.
18. Fischer, G. (2005). Distances and diversity: sources for social creativity. In Proceedings of the 5th conference on Creativity & cognition (pp. 128-136). ACM.
19. Francoeur, C., Labelle, R., & Sinclair-Desgagné, B. (2008). Gender diversity in corporate governance and top management. Journal of business ethics, 81(1), 83-95.
20. Gefen, D., & Straub, D. W. (1997). Gender differences in the perception and use of
e-mail: An extension to the technology acceptance model. MIS quarterly, 389-400.
21. Graddol, D. (1989). Gender voices. Blackwell Publishing.
22. Goncalo, J. A., Chatman, J. A., Duguid, M. M., & Kennedy, J. A. (2015). Creativity
from constraint? How the political correctness norm influences creativity in mixed-
sex work groups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 60(1), 1-30.
23. Gonzales, A. L., Hancock, J. T., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2010). Language style matching as a predictor of social dynamics in small groups. Communication
Research, 37(1), 3-19.
24. Gough, H. G. (1979). A creative personality scale for the adjective check list. Journal
of personality and social psychology, 37(8), 1398.
25. Guiller, J., & Durndell, A. (2007). Students’ linguistic behaviour in online discussion
groups: Does gender matter?. Computers in Human Behavior, 23(5), 2240-2255.
26. Heikes, E. J. (1991). When men are the minority: The case of men in nursing. The
Sociological Quarterly, 32(3), 389-401.
27. Herring, S. C. (1992). Gender and Participation in Computer-Mediated Linguistic
Discourse.
28. Herring, S. (1994). Gender differences in computer-mediated communication:
Bringing familiar baggage to the new frontier. In American Library Association
annual convention, Miami (Vol. 27).
29. Herring, S. C. (1996). Gender and Democracy in Computer-Mediated
Communication. Computerisation and Controversy: Value Conflicts and Social
Choices, 2nd ed, (San Diego, Academic Press).
30. Herring, S. C. (2003). Gender and power in on-line communication. The handbook
of language and gender, 202-228.
31. Herring, S. C., & Stoerger, S. (2014). Gender and (a)nonymity in computer-mediated
communication. The handbook of language, gender, and sexuality, 2, 567-586.
32. Herschel, R. T. (1994). The impact of varying gender composition on group brainstorming performance in a GSS environment. Computers in Human Behavior, 10(2), 209-222.
33. Hogg, M. A., & Terry, D. I. (2000). Social identity and self-categorization processes in organizational contexts. Academy of management review, 25(1), 121-140.
34. Homan, A. C., Buengeler, C., Eckhoff, R. A., van Ginkel, W. P., & Voelpel, S. C. (2015). The interplay of diversity training and diversity beliefs on team creativity in nationality diverse teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(5), 1456.
35. Hood, J. N., & Koberg, C. S. (1994). Patterns of differential assimilation and acculturation for women in business organizations. Human Relations, 47(2), 159- 181.
36. Jackson, S. E., May, K. E., & Whitney, K. (1995). Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making teams. Team effectiveness and decision making in organizations, 204, 261.
37. Jamali, D. (2009). Constraints and opportunities facing women entrepreneurs in developing countries: A relational perspective. Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24(4), 232-251.
38. Jehn, K. A. (1995). A multimethod examination of the benefits and detriments of intragroup conflict. Administrative science quarterly, 256-282.
39. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Some effects of proportions on group life: Skewed sex ratios and responses to token women. American journal of Sociology, 82(5), 965-990.
40. Kasperson, C. J. (1978). An analysis of the relationship between information sources and creativity in scientists and engineers. Human Communication Research, 4(2), 113-119.
41. Kaufman, J. C., Baer, J., & Gentile, C. A. (2004). Differences in gender and ethnicity as measured by ratings of three writing tasks. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 38(1), 56-69.
42. Kelly, J. (1991). A study of gender differential linguistic interaction in the adult
classroom. Gender and Education, 3(2), 137-143.
43. Liu, L. A., Chua, C. H., & Stahl, G. K. (2010). Quality of communication experience:
Definition, measurement, and implications for intercultural negotiations. Journal of
Applied Psychology, 95(3), 469.
44. Meyer, R., & Cukier, M. (2006). Assessing the attack threat due to IRC channels. In
Dependable Systems and Networks, 2006. DSN 2006. International Conference on
(pp. 467-472). IEEE.
45. Miller, M. K., Mandryk, R. L., Birk, M. V., Depping, A. E., & Patel, T. (2017).
Through the Looking Glass: The Effects of Feedback on Self-Awareness and Conversational Behaviour during Video Chat. In Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 5271-5283). ACM.
46. McLeod, P. L., Lobel, S. A., & Cox Jr, T. H. (1996). Ethnic diversity and creativity in small groups. Small group research, 27(2), 248-264.
47. Mendelberg, T., Karpowitz, C. F., & Goedert, N. (2014). Does descriptive representation facilitate women's distinctive voice? How gender composition and decision rules affect deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), 291- 306.
48. Morris, M. G., Venkatesh, V., & Ackerman, P. L. (2005). Gender and age differences in employee decisions about new technology: An extension to the theory of planned behavior. IEEE transactions on engineering management, 52(1), 69-84.
49. Mudliar, P., & Rangaswamy, N. (2015). Offline strangers, online friends: Bridging
classroom gender segregation with whatsapp. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3799-3808). ACM.
50. Myaskovsky, L., Unikel, E., & Dew, M. A. (2005). Effects of gender diversity on performance and interpersonal behavior in small work groups. Sex Roles, 52(9-10),
645-657.
51. Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2006). How the group affects the mind: A cognitive
model of idea generation in groups. Personality and social psychology review, 10(3),
186-213.
52. Nishii, L. H., & Goncalo, J. A. (2008). Demographic faultlines and creativity in
diverse groups. In Diversity and groups (pp. 1-26). Emerald Group Publishing
Limited.
53. Ojha, A. K. (2005). Impact of team demography on knowledge sharing in software
project teams. South Asian Journal of Management, 12(3), 67.
54. Osborn, A. F. (1957). Applied imagination. New York: Scribner.
55. Paul, S., Seetharaman, P., Samarah, I., & Mykytyn, P. P. (2004). Impact of
heterogeneity and collaborative conflict management style on the performance of
synchronous global virtual teams. Information & Management, 41(3), 303-321.
56. Pearsall, M. J., Ellis, A. P., & Evans, J. M. (2008). Unlocking the effects of gender faultlines on team creativity: Is activation the key?. Journal of Applied Psychology,
93(1), 225.
57. Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2002). Behavior online: Does anonymous computer
communication reduce gender inequality?. Personality and Social Psychology
Bulletin, 28(8), 1073-1083.
58. Reinig, B. A. (2003). Toward an understanding of satisfaction with the process and
outcomes of teamwork. Journal of Management Information Systems, 19(4), 65-83.
59. Savicki, V., Kelley, M., & Lingenfelter, D. (1996). Gender, group composition, and task type in small task groups using computer-mediated communication. Computers in Human Behavior, 12(4), 549-565.
60. Savicki, V., & Kelley, M. (2000). Computer mediated communication: Gender and
group composition. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(5), 817-826.
61. Sekaquaptewa, D., & Thompson, M. (2003). Solo status, stereotype threat, and performance expectancies: Their effects on women’s performance. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 39(1), 68-74.
62. Setlock, L. D., Fussell, S. R., & Neuwirth, C. (2004). Taking it out of context:
collaborating within and across cultures in face-to-face settings and via instant messaging. In Proceedings of the 2004 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 604-613). ACM.
63. Setlock, L. D., & Fussell, S. R. (2010). What's it worth to you?: the costs and affordances of CMC tools to asian and american users. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 341-350). ACM.
64. Song, H. G., Restivo, M., van de Rijt, A., Scarlatos, L., Tonjes, D., & Orlov, A. (2015). The hidden gender effect in online collaboration: an experimental study of team performance under anonymity. Computers in human Behavior, 50, 274-282.
65. Stoltzfus, G., Nibbelink, B. L., Vredenburg, D., & Hyrum, E. (2011). Gender, gender role, and creativity. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 39(3), 425-432.
66. Sun, X., Wiedenbeck, S., Chintakovid, T., & Zhang, Q. (2007). The effect of gender on trust perception and performance in computer-mediated virtual environments. Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 44(1), 1- 14.
67. Swann, J. (1988). Talk control: An illustration from the classroom of problems in analysing male dominance of conversation.
68. Thompson, M., & Sekaquaptewa, D. (2002). When being different is detrimental:
Solo status and the performance of women and racial minorities. Analyses of Social
Issues and Public Policy, 2(1), 183-203.
69. Türetgen, I. Ö., Unsal, P., & Erdem, I. (2008). The effects of sex, gender role, and
personality traits on leader emergence: Does culture make a difference?. Small
Group Research, 39(5), 588-615.
70. Tsui, A. S., Egan, T. D., & O'Reilly III, C. A. (1992). Being different: Relational
demography and organizational attachment. Administrative science quarterly, 549-
579.
71. Vasilescu, B., Posnett, D., Ray, B., van den Brand, M. G., Serebrenik, A., Devanbu,
P., & Filkov, V. (2015, April). Gender and tenure diversity in GitHub teams. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3789-3798). ACM.
72. Venkatesh, V., & Morris, M. G. (2000). Why don't men ever stop to ask for directions? Gender, social influence, and their role in technology acceptance and usage behavior. MIS quarterly, 115-139.
73. Wachter, R. M. (1999). The effect of gender and communication mode on conflict resolution. Computers in Human Behavior, 15(6), 763-782.
74. Walther, J. B. (1992). Interpersonal effects in computer-mediated interaction: A relational perspective. Communication research, 19(1), 52-90.
75. Wang, H. C., Fussell, S. F., & Setlock, L. D. (2009). Cultural difference and adaptation of communication styles in computer-mediated group brainstorming. In Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 669-678). ACM.
76. Wang, H. C., & Fussell, S. (2010). Groups in groups: conversational similarity in online multicultural multiparty brainstorming. In Proceedings of the 2010 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 351-360). ACM.
77. Wang, H. C., Fussell, S. R., & Cosley, D. (2011). From diversity to creativity: Stimulating group brainstorming with cultural differences and conversationally- retrieved pictures. In Proceedings of the ACM 2011 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 265-274). ACM.
78. Wang, H. C., & Lai, C. T. (2014). Kinect-taped communication: using motion sensing to study gesture use and similarity in face-to-face and computer-mediated brainstorming. In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems (pp. 3205-3214). ACM.
79. Watson, W. E., Kumar, K., & Michaelsen, L. K. (1993). Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: Comparing homogeneous and diverse task groups. Academy of management journal, 36(3), 590-602.
80. Woolley, A. W., Chabris, C. F., Pentland, A., Hashmi, N., & Malone, T. W. (2010). Evidence for a collective intelligence factor in the performance of human groups. science, 330(6004), 686-688.
81. Yamashita, N., & Ishida, T. (2006). Effects of machine translation on collaborative work. In Proceedings of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 515-524). ACM.
82. Yamashita, N., Echenique, A., Ishida, T., & Hautasaari, A. (2013). Lost in transmittance: how transmission lag enhances and deteriorates multilingual collaboration. In Proceedings of the 2013 conference on Computer supported cooperative work (pp. 923-934). ACM.