甲國籍之航空器能否降落並營運於乙國，除以甲乙二國間之航權協議為基礎外，還須視該航機意欲起飛與降落之機場在特定時間之內是否有足夠的空間容納這架航空器起降，此即為「時間帶」之概念。國際航空運輸協會、美國與歐盟之時間帶規範發展，已經有相當的時間與基礎，相對的，我國之法制與研究則較為有限。本論文因此試圖對上述法制發展之比較分析，整理其要點以供台灣於未來增修時間帶規範時之參考。

本論文第一章為研究動機與目的、文獻回顧、研究範圍、研究架構與步驟。第二章則先行介紹了時間帶的相關概念，包含有各組織與國家對時間帶的定義、時間帶的權利界定、市場交易機制、競爭法下的分配方式、作為航空政策工具與一般性分配原則。第三章詳細闡述國際航空運輸協會所制定的《全世界時間帶準則》，包含有起源、政策、分配原則與實際操作方式。第四章則為美國的時間帶分配規範，其中重點會放在《高密度規則》對於時間帶分配之方式。第五章是歐盟的時間帶分配規範，內文討論了歐盟時間帶分配的立法演進，主要有《歐盟規章第95/93/EEC號》、《歐盟規章第793/2004/EC號》與2011年之歐盟時間帶分配新提案。最後結論則針對台灣時間帶分配相關法規進行闡述，並將我國的時間帶規範與美國、歐盟進行比較，並提供台灣於未來修法時之建議。

After two countries have signed a bilateral agreement of traffic rights, it also needs to make sure that if there is sufficient capacity in the specific airport to accommodate a flight to take off and land within a certain period of time. This concept is “slot”. The International Air Transport Association, the United States and the European Union have established relevant regulations for slot, and those regulations already have developed for a long time. Therefore, this thesis intends to discuss the above-mentioned organizations’ and national regulations, and offers suggestions for Taiwan to refer in the future.

The first chapter is the motivation and purpose of this thesis, literature review, research scope, research structure and steps. The second chapter introduces the related concepts of slot, including the definitions of slot among the aforesaid organizations and country, the definitions of slot property rights, the market trading mechanisms of slot, the slot distribution methods under competition law, slot as an aviation policy tool and the general allocation principle of slot. The third chapter elaborates on the “Worldwide Slot Guidelines” enacted by the International Air Transport Association, including origins, policies, distribution principles and practical methods of operation. The fourth chapter focuses on the distribution of slot in the United States, the focus of which will be how the “High Density Rule” allocates slots. The fifth chapter is on the European Union's slot allocation means. The content discusses the legislative evolution of the European Union slot allocation, mainly including the Council Regulation (EEC) No 95/93, the Regulation (EC) No 793/2004 and the new slot allocation proposal of 2011. The final chapter mentions about the relevant slot regulations in Taiwan, and compares those with the United States and the European Union’s slot regulations. In sum, this thesis is intending to provide suggestions for Taiwan's future revision of slot allocation regulations.

一、 中文文獻
（一） 專書
1. 王澤鑑（2011），《民法物權》，增訂二版，台北市：三民書局。
2. 姚瑞光（1989），《民法物權論》，台北市：海宇文化。
3. 陳坤銘、李華夏（譯）（1995），《廠商、市場與法律》，台北市：遠流出版。
4. 熊秉元（2007），《法律經濟學開講》，台北市：時報文化。
5. 羅昌發（2010），《國際貿易法》，二版，台北市：元照出版。

（二） 期刊論文
1. 張有恆、蕭儉顏（2017），〈低成本航空服務品質、品牌延伸、網路口碑與忠誠度之研究〉，《航空安全及管理季刊》，4卷3期，頁184-221。
2. 魏杏芳（2017），〈論歐洲共同體對聯合行為的管制---從群體除外（Block Exemption）制度看超國家體制執行經濟管制的方法與困境〉，《公平交易季刊》，7卷2期，頁107-146。

（三） 學位論文
1. 吳忠霖（2014）。《考量時間帶變動下航空公司飛航排程暨班次表建立之研究》，國立中央大學土木工程學系，桃園。
2. 林仲壕（2010）。《低成本航空在台發展之不利因素分析》，國立成功大學民航研究所，臺南。
3. 邱心玫（2004）。《航空公司之客貨航班時間帶調整規劃之研究》，國立交通大學運輸科技與管理學系，新竹。
4. 柯玉芳（2001）。《考慮社會效益的機場跑道時間帶數目分配模式》，國立臺灣海洋大學航運管理學系，基隆。
5. 張民萱（2013）。《頻譜資源分配之政策─以開放模式為目標》，國立中央大學產業經濟研究所，桃園。
6. 蔡沛圻（1997）。《國內線機場起降時間帶分配之研究》，國立交通大學交通運輸研究所，新竹。

（四） 政府組織出版物
1. 方裕僊（2012），〈參加第5屆「歐盟研習班(EU Study and Training Programme, EUSTP)」報告〉，頁1-8。
2. 交通部民用航空局（譯）（2013），〈世界貿易組織服務業貿易委員會秘書處就空運服務業之背景說明資料〉，頁1-50。
3. 彭心儀、王郁琦、周韻采（2007），《規劃頻率拍賣與回收制度之研究》，國家通訊傳播委員會委託之研究報告（編號：PG9601-0077），頁1-312，台北市：國家通訊傳播委員會。

（五） 網路文獻
1. ETtoday新聞雲（2018），《三角戰術突圍　長榮航空營收創新高的秘密》。載於：https://www.ettoday.net/news/20180402/1143175.htm
2. 中時電子報（2017），《星宇航空 租下三陽內湖總部》。載於：http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20170525000050-260202
3. 中時電子報（2018），《兩岸暨港澳民航座談會3／26召開 飛上海航班、適航認證可望有解》。載於：http://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180306000297-260203
4. 台北市航空運輸商業同業公會（2018），《關於本會》。載於：http://www.taa-airlines.org.tw/ec99/rwd1149/Profile.asp
5. 台灣航空教育發展協會（2018），《通用航空與普及》。載於：http://www.taeda.org/?p=331
6. 民視新聞（2018），《中國再打壓！ 44家航空公司將我改名「中國台灣」》。載於：https://news.ftv.com.tw/AMP/News_Amp.aspx?id=2018526P02M1
7. 自由時報（2017），《星宇初期先飛東南亞 何煖軒：機場過度擁擠、沒有時間帶》。載於：http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2172832
8. 自由時報（2017），《星宇航將成立 何煖軒：沒有好的時間帶，飛不起來》。載於：http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2150547
9. 自由時報（2018），《反制中國施壓外航 學者籲政府對中國籍航空業者下手》。載於：http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/breakingnews/2463044
10. 自由時報（2018），《何煖軒：開放天空是幌子 要對方給時間帶才是真的》。載於：http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/life/breakingnews/2153086
11. 國家教育研究院（2000），《正向差別待遇》。載於：http://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1304014/?index=1
12. 新頭殼（2017），《星宇航空搶市場 何煖軒 : 好的時間帶是關鍵》。載於：https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2017-08-02/94007
13. 聯合新聞網（2017），《搶不贏的時間帶 航空業界籲民航局「有彈性」》。載於：https://udn.com/news/story/7266/2507275
14. 聯合新聞網（2018），《星宇航空 下周申請營運許可》。載於：https://udn.com/news/story/11316/3020657
15. 聯合新聞網（2018），《星宇航空遞件申設航空公司 可望2020年開航》。載於：https://udn.com/news/story/7266/3030170
16. 蘋果日報（2018），《交通部擬反制懲罰「外航更名」　交長：我並沒這樣說》。載於：https://tw.appledaily.com/new/realtime/20180806/1405343
 
二、 英文文獻
（一） 專書
1. Boyfield, K., Starkie, D., Bass, T., Humphreys, B. (2003). A Market in Airport Slots. London, England: The Institute of Economic Affairs.
2. Coase, R. H. (1988). The Firm, the Market, and the Law. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
3. Colangelo, M. (2012). Creating Property Rights: Law and Regulation of Secondary Trading in the European Union (Vol. 12). Leiden, the Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
4. Cramton, P. C., Shoham, Y., & Steinberg, R. (2006). Combinatorial Auctions. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
5. Czerny, A. I. (Ed.). (2008). Airport Slots: International Experiences and Options for Reform. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing.
6. Dempsey, P. S. (2004). European Aviation Law. The Hague, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.
7. Haanappel, P. P. C. (2003). The Law and Policy of Air Space and Outer Space: A Comparative Approach. The Hague, the Netherlands: Kluwer Law International.

（二） 期刊論文
1. Abeyratne, R. I. (2000). Management of Airport Congestion through Slot Allocation. Journal of Air Transport Management, 6(1), 29-41.
2. Brecke, K. (2011). Airport Slot Allocation: Quo Vadis, EU. Air & Space Law, 36, 183-200.
3. Condorelli, D. (2007). Efficient and Equitable Airport Slot Allocation. Rivista di Politica Economica, 1, 81-104.
4. De Boe, V. (2005). Allocation of Slots to Airlines: What Role for Competition Law? Journal of Network Industries, 6(4), 293-332.
5. De Wit, J., & Burghouwt, G. (2008). Slot Allocation and Use at Hub Airports, Perspectives for Secondary Trading. European Journal of Transport and Infrastructure Research, 8(2), 147-164.
6. Dempsey, P. S. (2001). Airport Landing Slots: Barriers to Entry and Impediments to Competition. Air & Space Law, 26, 20-48
7. Fruhling, P., & Eyskens, W. (2004). Current and Future Issues Relating to Slow Management and Mobility in the European Union. Air & Space Law, 29, 79-113.
8. Fukui, H. (2010). An Empirical Analysis of Airport Slot Trading in the United States. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 44(3), 330-357.
9. Gaspari, F. (2011). Slot Mobility in the European Community. Annals of Air & Space Law, 36, 535-549.
10. Gleimer, E. M. (1996). Slot Regulation at High Density Airports: How Did We Get Here and Where Are We Going. Journal of Air Law & Commerce, 61, 877-931.
11. Guiomard, C. (2016). Airport Slots: Can Regulation Be Coordinated with Competition? Transportation Research Part A: Policy & Practice, 95, 1-12.
12. Kociubiński, J. (2014). Regulatory Challenges of Airport Slot Allocation in the European Union. Wroclaw Review of Law, Administration & Economics, 3(1), 28-47.
13. Langner, S. J. (1995). Contractual Aspects of Transacting in Slots in the United States. Journal of Air Transport Management, 2(3-4), 151-161.
14. McCloskey, D. (1998). The So-Called Coase Theorem. Eastern Economic Journal, 24(3), 367-371.
15. Mendes de Leon, P. (2004). A New Phase in Alliance Building: the Air France/KLM Venture as a Case Study. Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht (ZLW), 53, 359-385.
16. Mendes de Leon, P. (2013). A Multifunctional Approach towards Slot Allocation. Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht (ZLW), 62, 553-578.
17. Pheasant, J. & Giles, M. (2007). Slot Trading in the EU. Global Competition Review, November, 30-33.
18. Starkie, D. (1994). The US Market in Airport Slots. Journal of Transport Economics & Policy, 28(3), 325-329.
19. Uva, R. (2009). The Legal Nature of Airport Slots. Journal of airport management, 3(2), 132-144.
20. Williams, B. D. (2009). Playing the Slots: The FAA Gambles with Its Controversial Congestion Management Plan for New York. Journal of Air Law & Commerce, 74, 437-471.
21. Zografos, K. G., Salouras, Y., & Madas, M. A. (2012). Dealing with the Efficient Allocation of Scarce Resources at Congested Airports. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 21(1), 244-256.

（三） 學位論文
1. Moessner, P. (2005). Slot Allocation in the United States and Europe (LL.M. thesis, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada). Retrieved from http://digitool.library.mcgill.ca/R/-?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99146&silo_library=GEN01

（四） 政府組織出版物
1. European Commission. (2002). A Single European Sky: Broadening Horizons for Air Travel (pp. 1-13).
2. European Commission. (2007) Communication from the Commission Communication on the Application of Regulation (EC) 793/2004 on Common Rules for the Allocation of Slots at Community Airports, COM(2007) 704 final (pp. 1-8).
3. European Commission. (2008). Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions on the Application of Regulation (EEC) No 95/93 on Common Rules for the Allocation of Slots at Community airports, as Amended, COM(2008) 227 final (pp. 1-7).
4. European Commission. (2011). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on common Rules for the Allocation of Slots at European Union Airports (pp. 1-56).
5. International Air Transport Association (IATA). (2018). Worldwide Slot Guidelines (8.1th ed., pp. 1-54).
6. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (2001). Circular 283 - Regulatory Implications of the Allocation of Flight Departure and Arrival Slots at International Airports (pp. 1-22).
7. World Trade Organization. (1998). Air Transport Services - Background Note by the Secretariat (pp. 1-55).
8. World Trade Organization. (2001). Developments in the Air Transport Sector Since the Conclusion of the Uruguay Round - Part Six (pp. 1-9).

（五） 政府組織新聞稿
1. European Commission. (2008). Airport Slot Allocation: The Commission Clarifies the Existing Rules [Press release]. Retrieved June 24, 2018, from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-672_en.htm

（六） 網路文獻
1. Agustin J. Ros. (2010). A Competition Policy Assessment of the Domestic Airline Sector in Mexico and Recommendations to Improve Competition, Retrieved July 29, 2018, from https://www.oecd.org/daf/competition/45049588.pdf.
2. Airport Coordination Taipei. (n.d.). About ACT. Retrieved June 19, 2018, from http://www.aptcoord.org.tw/ec99/rwd1150/profile.asp
3. Chicago Department of Aviation. (2018). Direct Service. Retrieved June 4, 2018, from http://www.flychicago.com/ohare/myflight/direct/pages/default.aspx
4. European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (EUROCONTROL). (n.d.). Who We Are. Retrieved June 02, 2018, from https://www.eurocontrol.int/articles/who-we-are
5. Gillen, D. (2006). Slot Trading in North America. Retrieved June 3, 2018, from http://cohor.fr/web/wp-content/uploads/upload_old/David%20Gillen.pdf
6. International Air Transport Association (IATA). (2018). Latest List of All Level 2 and Level 3 Airports. Retrieved June 19, 2018, from http://www.iata.org/policy/slots/Documents/wsg-annex-11.6.xlsx
7. International Air Transport Association (IATA). (n.d.). History. Retrieved May 20, 2018, from http://www.iata.org/about/Pages/history.aspx
8. International Air Transport Association (IATA). (n.d.). Slot conference questions. Retrieved May 21, 2018, from http://www.iata.org/policy/slots/Pages/index.aspx
9. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). (n.d.). Convention on International Civil Aviation - Doc 7300. Retrieved July 29, 2018, from https://www.icao.int/publications/Pages/doc7300.aspx
10. Pheasant, J. & Giles, M. (2007). Slots at Congested Airports: The Limitations of Competition Law. Retrieved July 27, 2018, from https://www.hoganlovells.com/~/media/hogan-lovells/pdf/publication/rpiconference2july2007_pdf.pdf
11. The Financial Times. (2004). Continental Pays Heathrow Record. Retrieved June 3, 2018, from https://www.ft.com/content/b6a47274-e955-11dc-8365-0000779fd2ac
12. U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2017). Preclearance Overview. Retrieved June 3, 2018, from https://www.cbp.gov/border-security/ports-entry/operations/preclearance

（七） 研究報告
1. Avenali, A., D'Alfonso, T., Leporelli, C., Matteucci, G., Nastasi, A., & Reverberi, P. (2014). A Supervised Market Mechanism for Efficient Airport Slot Allocation (pp. 1-22, Tech. No. 3). Department of Computer, Control, and Management Engineering Antonio Ruberti, Sapienza University of Rome.
2. d’Huart, O. (2009). Airport Slot Allocations in the European Union: Current Regulation and Perspectives (pp. 1-25, Final project.). Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
3. Jones, I., Holder, S., Peter van der Veer, J., Bulman, E., Chesters, N., Maunder, S., . . . Somers, P. (2004). Study to Assess the Effects of Different Slot Allocation Schemes (pp. 1-392, Rep.). National Economic Research Associates.
4. MacDonald, M. (2006). Study on the Impact of the Introduction of Secondary Trading at Community Airports (Vol. 1, pp. 1-1-13-1, Rep.). European Commission.
5. Nader, N., & Reicher, G. (2012). Slot Allocation at EU Airports (pp. 1-4, Issue brief). Centre for European Policy.

（八） 判決
1. R v Airport Co-ordination Ltd, ex parte States of Guernsey Transport Board, All ER 347 (Queen's Bench Division March 25, 1999).