正子斷層造影中，為量測藥物探針、目標腫瘤和試驗樣本的訊號，影像品質的好壞是一個相當重要的議題。決定影像品質的一個重要因素是靈敏度，其中來自於PET三重事件中真實事件的損失，特別在高活度區域會造成靈敏度的下降。然而，三重事件中包含了很多有用的真實事件，若可以加以回收，將可大大提升靈敏度。因此本論文分別針對純正子射源(如F-18)和非純正子射源(如I-124)各提出一套新穎的回收法來提升整體正子斷層造影系統的靈敏度。對於純正子射源，我們根據三重光子中真實事件的特性提出一套多重機率法則來判斷三重事件中哪一對反應線(line of response)具有最大可能性為真實事件。當這對反應線落在照野區內將進行回收，反之則丟棄。蒙地卡羅模擬結果顯示當整體活度高於1mCi，使用該法可以保留原本三重事件的真實事件比例高達92%。並且隨著活度從1mCi到5mCi的增加，可有效提升等價雜訊計數率(noise equivalent count rate) 3%到55%。因此，該法對於高活度的PET影像將可顯著的提升其系統靈敏度。另一方面，對於非純正子射源，大部份這些射源除了一般正子的衰變外會同時伴隨一個高能量光子的射出而造成更多的三重事件機率的發生。三重同符事件在非純正子射源中相對於傳統的純正子射源將會更加的嚴重和複雜。有鑑於此，我們亦針對非純正子射源提出一套回收法來提升整體PET的靈敏度。為了分辨三重事件中的真實事件，我們建構出一套根據光子資訊中幾何，能量和時間多向度的排除機制來進行回收。在幾何限制上是基於具有最大徑像位移的反應線端最不可能為真實事件首先加以排除。接著，建立一個信賴時間窗來選擇落在該時間窗下的反應線對。最後，根據相關光子和互毀光子的能量機率函數進行最大概似比的測試選擇出的具有最大可能性的真實事件。結果顯示，當 124I和76Br射源活度由0.2 mCi增加到5 mCi時，進行回收後其等價雜訊計數率可分別提升11%到30%以及22%到45%。透過本論文提出的方法，對於純正子射源和非純正子射源皆能夠達到顯著的靈敏度提升進而增加影像品質。並且該法易於實現皆不需要額外的硬體輔助，相信於未來可以廣泛應用至臨床PET造影上。

Image quality for PET imaging is an essential issue in measuring signal associated with new probes, tumor targets, and assays under preclinical and clinical study. One of the determining factors on image quality is the PET sensitivity. The loss of true coincidence due to multiple coincidences is an important factor for PET sensitivity, particularly at high radioactive concentration. Multiple coincidence events are discarded in most scanners as no proper ways to identify the true line of response (LOR). However, the majority of the triple coincidence contains true coincidence that can be recovered. As a result, the possibility of recovering true coincidences from triple coincidences could help enhance image quality advance. The aim of this dissertation was to improve the sensitivity of PET via the recycling of the triple coincidence for both pure and nonpure positron emitters. For pure positron emitters, a novel method is proposed to recycle the triple events based on the probability of each LOR that is truly formed by the annihilated pair. LOR with the maximum probability will be further tested to determine its origin.. If the LOR is inside the FOV it will be retrieved, otherwise the triple event is discarded. Results using simulated data showed the proposed method can retaining about 92% of the true coincidences from the triple events when the administrated activity is higher than 1 mCi. The percentage gain of noise equivalent count rate ranges from about 3% at activity of 1 mCi to 55% at 15 mCi. The proposed method poses a significant improvement in sensitivity for high activity PET imaging. For nonpure positron emitters, most of these isotopes emit high-energy gamma rays in addition to the positron decay that can be detected and create a triple coincidence with the annihilated photons. The triple events of non-pure positron emitter in PET imaging are more numerous and complicated than those of 18F. To this end, we proposed a strategy of recycling triple coincidence events for non-pure positron emitters. To identify the LOR from a triple coincidence, a framework utilizing the geometrical, energy and temporal information is proposed. The geometrical criterion is based on the assumption that the LOR with the largest radial offset among the three sub pairs of triple coincidence is least likely to be a true event. Then, a confidence time window is used to test the valid LOR among the LOR’s with triple coincidence. Finally, a likelihood ratio discriminant rule based on the energy probability density distribution of associated and annihilated gammas is established to identify the true coincidence. After recycling, the noise equivalent count rate (NEC) was found to be increased by from 11% to 30% and 22% to 45% for 124I and 76Br, respectively, when 0.2 to 5 mCi of activity were used. We conclude that ours proposed methods can improve the counting statistics for pure and nonpure positron emitters and are readily applicable to clinical studies as no hardware modification is needed.

Electron Gamma Shower (EGS) Monte Carlo Radiation Transport Code
A General Monte Carlo N-Particle (MCNP) Transport Code
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