Small-diameter ZnO nanorods have been prepared from aqueous
solution containing Zn(OH)4
2− ions, manganese acetate, and sodium
dodecyl sulfate in 3 h at room temperature. The added Mn2+ ions are
considered to lead to the formation of MnO2 nanoparticles, which serve
as the nucleation sites, to facilitate the growth of small diameter ZnO
nanorods. The as-prepared ZnO nanorods are single crystalline, 7–10
nm diameter and 200–300 nm in length. The high surface-to-volume
ratios determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method and the
surface oxygen deficiencies suggested by the cathodoluminescence
spectrum for the ZnO nanorods are conductive to the photocatalytic
activity. The photocatalytic activities on the conversion of nitride oxides
and degradation of methylene blue by ZnO nanorods were found to be
significantly enhanced by the presence of small-diameter ZnO nanorods.
Different sizes of ZnO nanorods were mixed with TiO2 nanoparticles
with a 1:99 ratio to prepare thin film for dye-sensitized solar cells. The
cell efficiency was measured and the optimal condition in our
experiments was found. The Voc and FF were found to increase with the
decrease of sizes of ZnO nanorods added. The capacitance and transient
photocurrent data show correlations to the tendency of short-circuit
current (Jsc). Thus, simulation model have been constructed to explain
this phenomenon. The contacts between TiO2 nanoparticles and ZnO
nanorods are crucial to the electrical properties. This calculation may
have potential in finding best sizes of ZnO nanowires and TiO2
nanoparticles in TiO2/ZnO nanoparticle/nanorod composite film for DSSC.

Chapter 1
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47. Fang, Y. P.; Pang, Q.; Wen, X. G.; Wang, B. N.; Yang, S. H., "Synthesis of ultrathin ZnO nanofibers aligned on a zinc substrate," Small 2006, 2, 612-615.
48. Sun, Y.; Fuge, G. M.; Fox, N. A.; Riley, D. J.; Ashfold, M. N. R., "Synthesis of aligned arrays of ultrathin ZnO nanotubes on a Si wafer coated with a thin ZnO film," Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2477-2481.
49. Chang, Y. C.; Chen, L. J., "ZnO nanoneedles with enhanced and sharp ultraviolet cathodoluminescence peak," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1268-1272.
50. Yang, W. C.; Wang, C. W.; Wang, J. C.; Chang, Y. C.; Hsu, H. C.; Nee, T. E.; Chen, L. J.; He, J. H., "Aligned Er-doped ZnO nanorod arrays with enhanced 1.54 μm infrared emission," J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2008, 8, 3363-3368.
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54. Cao, H. L.; Qian, X. F.; Gong, Q.; Du, W. M.; Ma, X. D.; Zhu, Z. K., "Shape- and size-controlled synthesis of nanometre ZnO from a simple solution route at room temperature," Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 3632-3636.
55. Li, P.; Wei, Y.; Liu, H.; Wang, X. K., "A simple low-temperature growth of ZnO nanowhiskers directly from aqueous solution containing Zn(OH)42- ions," Chem. Commun. 2004, 2856-2857.
56. Xu, F.; Yuan, Z. Y.; Du, G. H.; Ren, T. Z.; Bouvy, C.; Halasa, M.; Su, B. L., "Simple approach to highly oriented ZnO nanowire arrays: large-scale growth, photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties," Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 588-594.
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Chapter 2
1. Li, P.; Wei, Y.; Liu, H.; Wang, X. K., "A simple low-temperature growth of ZnO nanowhiskers directly from aqueous solution containing Zn(OH)42- ions," Chem. Commun. 2004, 2856-2857.
2. Usui, H., "Influence of surfactant micelles on morphology and photoluminescence of zinc oxide nanorods prepared by one-step chemical synthesis in aqueous solution," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 9060-9065.
3. Hsiao, P. T.; Wang, K. P.; Cheng, C. W.; Teng, H. S., "Nanocrystalline anatase TiO2 derived from a titanate-directed route for dye-sensitized solar cells," J. Photochem. Photobiol., A 2007, 188, 19-24.
4. Zhang, Z. P.; Zakeeruddin, S. M.; O'Regan, B. C.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Grätzel, M., "Influence of 4-guanidinobutyric acid as coadsorbent in reducing recombination in dye-sensitized solar cells," J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 21818-21824.
5. Quintana, M.; Edvinsson, T.; Hagfeldt, A.; Boschloo, G., "Comparison of dye-sensitized ZnO and TiO2 solar cells: Studies of charge transport and carrier lifetime," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1035-1041.

Chapter 3
1. Tak, Y.; Yong, K. J., "Controlled growth of well-aligned ZnO nanorod array using a novel solution method," J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 19263-19269.
2. Lee, J. Y.; Choi, Y. S.; Kim, J. H.; Park, M. O.; Im, S., "Optimizing n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunctions for photodiode applications," Thin Solid Films 2002, 403-404, 553–557.
3. He, J. H.; Ho, S. T.; Wu, T. B.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L., "Electrical and photoelectrical performances of nano-photodiode based on ZnO nanowires," Chem. Phys. Lett. 2007, 435, 119-122.
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5. Huang, M. H.; Mao, S.; Feick, H.; Yan, H. Q.; Wu, Y. Y.; Kind, H.; Weber, E.; Russo, R.; Yang, P. D., "Room-temperature ultraviolet nanowire nanolasers," Science 2001, 292, 1897-1899.
6. Choy, J. H.; Jang, E. S.; Won, J. H.; Chung, J. H.; Jang, D. J.; Kim, Y. W., "Soft solution route to directionally grown ZnO nanorod arrays on Si wafer; room-temperature ultraviolet laser," Adv. Mater. 2003, 15, 1911-1914.
7. Wang, X. D.; Neff, C.; Graugnard, E.; Ding, Y.; King, J. S.; Pranger, L. A.; Tannenbaum, R.; Wang, Z. L.; Summers, C. J., "Photonic crystals fabricated using patterned nanorod arrays," Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2103-2106.
8. Wan, Q.; Li, Q. H.; Chen, Y. J.; Wang, T. H.; He, X. L.; Li, J. P.; Lin, C. L., "Fabrication and ethanol sensing characteristics of ZnO nanowire gas sensors," Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 3654.
9. Law, M.; Greene, L. E.; Johnson, J. C.; Saykally, R.; Yang, P. D., "Nanowire dye-sensitized solar cells," Nat. Mater. 2005, 4, 455-459.
10. Wan, Q.; Wang, T. H.; Zhao, J. C., "Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanotetrapods," Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 083105.
11. Pauporte, T.; Rathousky, J., "Electrodeposited mesoporous ZnO thin films as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of dye pollutants," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 7639-7644.
12. Miyauchi, M.; Nakajima, A.; Watanabe, T.; Hashimoto, K., "Photocatalysis and photoinduced hydrophilicity of various metal oxide thin films," Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 2812-2816.
13. Yang, J. L.; An, S. J.; Park, W. I.; Yi, G. C.; Choi, W., "Photocatalysis using ZnO thin films and nanoneedles grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition," Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1661-1614.
14. He, J. H.; Hsin, C. L.; Liu, J.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L., "Piezoelectric gated diode of a single ZnO nanowire," Adv. Mater. 2007, 19, 781-784.
15. Wang, Z. L., "Zinc oxide nanostructures: growth, properties and applications," J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2004, 16, R829-R858.
16. Wang, Z. L.; Kong, X. Y.; Ding, Y.; Gao, P. X.; Hughes, W. L.; Yang, R. S.; Zhang, Y., "Semiconducting and piezoelectric oxide nanostructures induced by polar surfaces," Adv. Funct. Mater. 2004, 14, 943-956.
17. Wang, Z. L.; Song, J. H., "Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays," Science 2006, 312, 242-246.
18. Greyson, E. C.; Babayan, Y.; Odom, T. W., "Directed growth of ordered arrays of small-diameter ZnO nanowires," Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1348-1352.
19. Xu, C.; Chun, J.; Rho, K.; Lee, H. J.; Jeong, Y. H.; Kim, D. E.; Chon, B.; Hong, S.; Joo, T., "Ferromagnetic ZnO bicrystal nanobelts fabricated in low temperature," Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 89, 093117.
20. Tak, Y.; Yong, K.; Park, C., "Growth of aligned ZnO nanorods on Pt buffer layer coated silicon substrates using metallorganic chemical vapor deposition," J. Electrochem. Soc. 2005, 152, G794-G797.
21. He, J. H.; Hsu, J. H.; Wang, C. W.; Lin, H. N.; Chen, L. J.; Wang, Z. L., "Pattern and feature designed growth of ZnO nanowire arrays for vertical devices," J. Phys. Chem. B 2006, 110, 50-53.
22. Lin, Y. R.; Yang, S. S.; Tsai, S. Y.; Hsu, H. C.; Wu, S. T.; Chen, I. C., "Visible photoluminescence of ultrathin ZnO nanowire at room temperature," Cryst. Growth Des. 2006, 6, 1951-1955.
23. Fang, Y. P.; Pang, Q.; Wen, X. G.; Wang, B. N.; Yang, S. H., "Synthesis of ultrathin ZnO nanofibers aligned on a zinc substrate," Small 2006, 2, 612-615.
24. Sun, Y.; Fuge, G. M.; Fox, N. A.; Riley, D. J.; Ashfold, M. N. R., "Synthesis of aligned arrays of ultrathin ZnO nanotubes on a Si wafer coated with a thin ZnO film," Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 2477-2481.
25. Chang, Y. C.; Chen, L. J., "ZnO nanoneedles with enhanced and sharp ultraviolet cathodoluminescence peak," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 1268-1272.
26. Yang, W. C.; Wang, C. W.; Wang, J. C.; Chang, Y. C.; Hsu, H. C.; Nee, T. E.; Chen, L. J.; He, J. H., "Aligned Er-doped ZnO nanorod arrays with enhanced 1.54 μm infrared emission," J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2008, 8, 3363-3368.
27. Sun, B.; Sirringhaus, H., "Solution-processed zinc oxide field-effect transistors based on self-assembly of colloidal nanorods," Nano Lett. 2005, 5, 2408-2413.
28. Yang, J.; Liu, G.; Lu, J.; Qiu, Y.; Yang, S., "Electrochemical route to the synthesis of ultrathin ZnO nanorod/nanobelt arrays on zinc substrate," Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, 90, 103109.
29. Cao, H. L.; Qian, X. F.; Gong, Q.; Du, W. M.; Ma, X. D.; Zhu, Z. K., "Shape- and size-controlled synthesis of nanometre ZnO from a simple solution route at room temperature," Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 3632-3636.
30. Li, P.; Wei, Y.; Liu, H.; Wang, X. K., "A simple low-temperature growth of ZnO nanowhiskers directly from aqueous solution containing Zn(OH)42- ions," Chem. Commun. 2004, 2856-2857.
31. Usui, H., "Influence of surfactant micelles on morphology and photoluminescence of zinc oxide nanorods prepared by one-step chemical synthesis in aqueous solution," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 9060-9065.
32. Kuo, T. J.; Lin, C. N.; Kuo, C. L.; Huang, M. H., "Growth of ultralong ZnO nanowires on silicon substrates by vapor transport and their use as recyclable photocatalysts," Chem. Mater. 2007, 19, 5143-5147.
33. Lu, G.; Linsebigler, A.; Yates, J. T., "Photooxidation of CH3Cl on TiO2(110) - a mechanism not involving H2O," J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 7626-7631.
34. Moulder, J. F.; Stiuckel, W. F.; Sobol, P. E.; Bomben, K. D., "Handbook of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy," Perkin-Elmer Corporation: Waltham, MA,. 1992.
35. Kang, Y. J.; Kim, D. S.; Lee, S. H.; Park, J.; Chang, J.; Moon, J. Y.; Lee, G.; Yoon, J.; Jo, Y.; Jung, M. H., "Ferromagnetic Zn1-xMnxO (x=0.05, 0.1, and 0.2) nanowires," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 14956-14961.
36. Chen, H. R.; Dong, X. P.; Shi, J. L.; Zhao, J. J.; Hua, Z. L.; Gao, J. H.; Ruan, M. L.; Yan, D. S., "Templated synthesis of hierarchically porous manganese oxide with a crystalline nanorod framework and its high electrochemical performance," J. Mater. Chem. 2007, 17, 855-860.
37. Yang, L.; May, P. W.; Yin, L.; Scott, T. B., "Growth of self-assembled ZnO nanoleaf from aqueous solution by pulsed laser ablation," Nanotechnology 2007, 18, 215602.
38. Jiang, P.; Zhou, J. J.; Fang, H. F.; Wang, C. Y.; Wang, Z. L.; Xie, S. S., "Hierarchical shelled ZnO structures made of bunched nanowire arrays," Adv. Funct. Mater. 2007, 17, 1303-1310.
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Chapter 4
1. Wan, Q.; Wang, T. H.; Zhao, J. C., "Enhanced photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanotetrapods," Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 083105.
2. Pauporte, T.; Rathousky, J., "Electrodeposited mesoporous ZnO thin films as efficient photocatalysts for the degradation of dye pollutants," J. Phys. Chem. C 2007, 111, 7639-7644.
3. Miyauchi, M.; Nakajima, A.; Watanabe, T.; Hashimoto, K., "Photocatalysis and photoinduced hydrophilicity of various metal oxide thin films," Chem. Mater. 2002, 14, 2812-2816.
4. Yang, J. L.; An, S. J.; Park, W. I.; Yi, G. C.; Choi, W., "Photocatalysis using ZnO thin films and nanoneedles grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition," Adv. Mater. 2004, 16, 1661-1664.
5. Xu, F.; Yuan, Z. Y.; Du, G. H.; Ren, T. Z.; Bouvy, C.; Halasa, M.; Su, B. L., "Simple approach to highly oriented ZnO nanowire arrays: large-scale growth, photoluminescence and photocatalytic properties," Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 588-594.
6. Tseng, Y. H.; Kuo, C. S.; Huang, C. H.; Li, Y. Y.; Chou, P. W.; Cheng, C. L.; Wong, M. S., "Visible-light-responsive nano-TiO2 with mixed crystal lattice and its photocatalytic activity," Nanotechnology 2006, 17, 2490-2497.
7. Lin, Y. M.; Tseng, Y. H.; Huang, J. H.; Chao, C. C.; Chen, C. C.; Wang, I., "Photocatalytic activity for degradation of nitrogen oxides over visible light responsive titania-based photocatalysts," Environmental Science & Technology 2006, 40, 1616-1621.
8. Yen, C. Y.; Lin, Y. F.; Liao, S. H.; Weng, C. C.; Huang, C. C.; Hsiao, Y. H.; Ma, C. C. M.; Chang, M. C.; Shao, H.; Tsai, M. C.; Hsieh, C. K.; Tsai, C. H.; Weng, F. B., "Preparation and properties of a carbon nanotube-based nanocomposite photoanode for dye-sensitized solar cells," Nanotechnology 2008, 19, 375305.

Chapter 5
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2. Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Kay, A.; Rodicio, I.; Humphrybaker, R.; Müller, E.; Liska, P.; Vlachopoulos, N.; Grätzel, M., "Conversion of light to electricity by cis-X2bis- (2,2’-bipyridyl-4,4’-dicarboxylate) ruthenium(II) charge-transfer sensitizers (X = Cl-, Br-, I-, CN-, and SCN-) on nanocrystalline TiO2 electrodes," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 6382-6390.
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Chapter 7
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