本論文探討台灣閩南語「有」的各式格式，其中包括以「有」為中心語加綴於光桿名詞而形成的形容詞、表示習慣的句式以及表複數動量的中間格式（Lien 2006），旨在釐清多重語義間的共性。並且以格式語法為指導原則，指出語義延伸與格式和詞義的互動關係密不可分（Fillmore et al. 1988, Goldberg 1995, 2003, Jackendoff 1997, and Lien 2002）。同時，我們也從語法化理論的觀點探討「有」的多重語義，說明共時並存的語義事實上構成同一語法鍊上的不同階段（Hopper and Traugott 1993, Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994 and Heine 1997）。
我們解析台灣閩南語「有」的基本概念結構為指涉某內容之存在與某經驗者或空間之間的密切關聯，句法上分別體現為「有」的賓語和主語。其概念定義包含有限的語義成分，影響語義延伸特別重要的兩點是靜態義與無界性。這兩個特性—或更具體言之，泛型和無界的多數性—捕捉了「有＋bare N」、習慣句式以及複數動量中間格式之間的共性，三者分為以張个真有經驗、張个有(佇)食薰和此款衫真有穿為例。
此外，我們針對張个走有三工阿和張个今年才趁有錢（表層結構看似皆為「NP＋V＋有＋NP」）兩種句式詳加討論；發現兩者事實上具有不同的格式意義，但過去卻經常被誤析為一體的兩面。我們認為前者體現XP, [有＋量詞片語]，後者則為NP＋Vt＋有＋(補語)的格式。最後再從語法化的角度討論「有」的語義延伸，指出多項語義之間彼此相互關聯，構成從「擁有」到「情態」甚至到「詞綴功能」同一語法鍊上的各個階段。
本論文的討論支持了語義延伸為詞義與格式之間互動關係的結果之觀點。此一分析手法不僅有效地解釋多義詞語義延伸的脈絡，更讓我們簡約詞義描述，並且釐清各項義位的關係，研究所得甚可做為語言的對比研究。

This thesis is concerned with a number of constructions featuring u7 有 ‘have’ in Taiwanese Southern Min (henceforth TSM), including adjectives formed by u7 有 + bare N, simple habitual constructions as well as plurational middles (Lien 2006). It aims to tease out the common thread that links the various uses of u7 有 and to show that semantic extension is properly accounted for by taking into consideration construction types in addition to lexical properties, based on the assumptions of construction grammar (Fillmore et al. 1988, Goldberg 1995, 2003, Jackendoff 1997, and Lien 2002). The diverse senses of u7 有 are also examined from the perspective of grammaticalization and shown to represent different stages of one and the same grammaticalization chain (Hopper and Traugott 1993, Bybee, Perkins, and Pagliuca 1994 and Heine 1997).
The conceptual structure of u7 有 in TSM is established as coding the relation where the existence of an object bearing the thematic role of content concerns the subject referent bearing the thematic role of experiencer or location. It is defined in terms of a finite set of semantic features, stativeness and atelicity in particular. The notions of genericity and unbounded plurality enable us to capture the commonality among three unique constructions featuring u7 有, viz. adjectives formed by u7 有 + bare N, simple habitual constructions and plurational middles, exemplified in Tiunn1-e chin1 u7 keng1-giam7 張个真有經驗 ‘John is very experienced’, Tiunn1-e u7 (ti7) chiah8 hun1 張个有(佇)食薰 ‘John smokes’, and Chit4 khoann2 sann1 chin1 u7-chheng7 此款衫真有穿 ‘These clothes are quite durable’ respectively.
In addition, we have made clear that the two sentence types, exemplified by Tiunn1-e tsau2 u7 sann1-kang1 a 張个走有三工阿 ‘It’s been three days since John left’ and Tiunn1-e kin1-ninn5 chiah4 than3-u7 chinn5 張个今年才趁有錢 ‘John hasn’t made a profit until this year’, instantiate separate construction templates, i.e. XP, [u7 有 + Measure Phrase] and NP + Vt + u7 有 + (complement), but have long been mistaken as close counterparts. Moreover, the semantic extensions of u7 有 are reconsidered from a grammaticalization perspective. They are shown to be intimately related and in fact represent different stages of one and the same grammaticalization chain from possession to modality (and to affix).
The discussion of a wide range of constructions featuring u7 有 supports the view that semantic extension goes along with the ways in which lexical properties of a given word interact with the construction templates it takes on and that a construction-based approach to semantic analysis helps to attain a simplified lexical description as well as a unified account of lexical polysemy.

Brugman, Claudia Marlea. 1988. The Syntax and Semantics of HAVE and Its Complements. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
Bybee, Joan L., Revere D. Perkins and William Paglica. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. University of Chicago Press.
Carlson, Gregory N. 1977. Reference to Kinds in English. Ph.D. dissertation: University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Chen, Huilong. 1934. Taiwan Gohou (Taiwanese Grammar). Taipei: Taiwan Gogakusha.
Cheng, Robert L. 1981. Taiwanese u and Mandarin you. Papesr from the 1979 Asian
and Pacific Conference on Linguistics and Language Teaching: 141-180. Taipei: Student Book Co.
Cheng, Robert L.-W. 1985. A comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin. Language 61.2: 352-377.
Cheng, Ying. 2001. Min Nan Yu ‘V + You’ De Yu Fa Gong Neng (The grammatical functions of ‘V + you’ in Southern Min). Paper presented at the Seventh Conference on Min Dialects, Xiamen University (Amoy University), China.
Cheng, Ying. 2004. Lun han yu you de yu fa hua (On the grammaticalization of ‘have’ in Mandarin). Yu Wen Xue Bao 11: 163-202. National Hsinchu University of Education, Taiwan.
Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge University Press.
Ding, Sheng-Shu et al. 1961. Xian Dai Han Yu Yu Fa Jiang Hua [Grammar of Modern
Mandarin Chinese]. Beijing: Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan.
Douglas, Rev. Cartairs. 1873. Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or
Spoken Language of Amoy with the Principal Variations of the Chang-chew and
Chinchew Dialects. London: Trubner and Co.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1976. The need for a frame semantics within linguistics.
Statistical Methods in Linguistics, 5-29. Stockholm: Skriptor.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1982. Frame semantics. Linguistics in the Morning Calm, ed. by The
Linguistics Society of Korea, 111-138. Seoul: Hanshin Publishing Company.
Fillmore, Charles J. 1985. Syntactic intrusions and the notion of grammatical construction. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 11: 73-86.
Fillmore, Charles J., Kay, Paul, and O'Connor, Mary Kay. 1988. Regularity and Idiomaticity in Grammatical Constructions: The Case of Let Alone. Language 64: 501-538.
Fillmore, Charles J. & Paul Kay 1996. Construction Grammar. Manuscript, University of California at Berkeley Department of linguistics.
Freeze, R. 1992. Existentials and other locatives. Language 68: 553-595.
Goldberg, Adele E. 1995. Constructions: a Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press.
Goldberg, Adele E. 2003. Constructions: a new theoretical approach to language. TRENDS in Cognitive Science 7(5): 219-224.
Goldberg, Adele E. 2006. Constructions at Work. The Nature of Generalization in Language.
Oxford University Press.
Geenhoven, Veerle van. 2004. For-adverbials, frequentative aspect, and pluractionality. Natural Language Semantics 12: 136-190.
Geenhoven, Veerle van. 2005. Atelicity, pluractionality, and adverbial quantification. (In) Perspectives on Aspect, ed. by Verkuyl, H. de Swart H. & van Hout A, 107-124. Netherlands: Springer.
Huang, James C-T. 1987. Existential sentences in Chinese and (in)definiteness. The Representation of (In)definiteness, ed. by Eric J. Reuland and Alice GB ter Meulan, 226-253. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Heine, B. 1993. Auxiliaries: Cognitive Sources, Forces, and Grammaticalization. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Heine, B. 1997. Possession: Cognitive Sources, Forces, and Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth C. Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge University Press.
Isačenko, Alexander V. 1974. On ‘have’ and ‘be’ languages: a typological sketch. Slavic Forum: Essays in Linguistics and Literature, ed. by Michael S. Flier, 43-77. The Hague: Mouton.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1997a. Twistin’ the night away. Language 73: 534-559.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1997b. The Architecture of the Language Faculty. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Krifka, Manfred, Francis Jeffry Pelletier, Gregory N. Carlson, Alice ter Meulen,
Gennaro Chierchia, Godehard Link. 1995. Genericity: An Introduction. (In) The
Generic Book, ed. by G.N. Carlson and F.J. Pelletier, 1-124. Chicago and
London: University of Chicago Press.
Li, Ru-Long. 1996. Fang Yan Yu Yin Yun Lun Ji [Papers on Dialects and Phonology]. Hong Kong: T. T. Ng Chinese Language Research Centre, Institute of Chinese Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong.
Lü, Shu-Xiang. 1999. Xian Dai Han Yu Ba Bai Ci [Eight Hundred Words in Modern Mandarin Chinese]. Beijing: Shang Wu Yin Shu Guan.
Lien, Chinfa. 2002. Interface between construction and lexical semantics: a case study of the polysemous word kek4 激 and its congeners tin3, chng1 裝 and ke3 假 in Taiwanese Southern Min. Language and Linguistics 3: 569-588. (NSC 9-2411-H-007-050)
Lien, Chinfa. 2005. Families of Ditransitive Constructions in Li Jing Ji. Language and Linguistics 6.4: 707-737.
Lien, Chinfa. 2006. Middles in Taiwanese Southern Min: Interface of Lexical Meaning and Event Structure. Paper presented at the 14th Annual Conference of the International Association of Chinese Linguistics (IACL-14), May, Taipei, Taiwan.
Smith, C. 1991. The Parameter of Aspect. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Rimell, Laura. 2004. Habitual Sentences and Generic Quantification. (In) WCCFL 23:
Proceedings of the 23rd West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics, ed. by
Vineeta Chand, Ann Kelleher, Angelo J. Rodríguez, and Benjamin Schmeiser,
663-676. MA: Cascadilla Press.
Talmy, Leonard. 1985. Lexicalization patterns: semantic structure in lexical forms. In Language
Typology and Syntactic Description Volume III; Grammatical categories and the lexicon, ed. by Timothy Shopen, 57- 149. Cambridge University Press.
Tsao, Feng-Fu. 1998. Tai Wan Min Nan Yu Zhong Yu Shi Mau You Guan De Yu Ci
“You””Ø” Xan “A” Shi Xi [On three aspect—related morphemes “U” “Ø”“A” in
Taiwanese Minnan]. Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, New Series 28:
299-334.
Tsao, Feng-Fu and Ying Cheng. 1995. Tan Min Nan Yu You De Wu Zhong Yong Fa
Ji Qi Jian De Guan Xi [On five usages of Southern Min you and their relations]. Zhong Guo Yu Wen Yan Jiu 11: 155-168.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2002. Taiwan guoyu he fangyan zhong de you: tan yufaxue
zhong de shehui yiyuan yu lishi yishi (‘Have’ in Taiwan Mandarin and dialects---on the social and historical aspects of grammatical theories). Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies 32.2: 495-528.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2003. Three types of existential quantification in Chinese.
Functional Structure(s), Form and Interpretation: Perspectives from East Asian Languages, ed. by Audrey Li and Andrew Simpson, 161-179. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon.
Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan. 2004. Tan you ren you de ren han you xie ren (On ‘sm people’,
‘some of the people’ and ‘SOME people’). Han Yu Hue Bao 2: 16-25.
Wang, Hui. 2004. Cong Gou Shi Yu Fa Li Lun Kan Xan Yu Ci Yi Yan Jiu [A study of
lexical semantics in Mandarin Chinese based on Construction Grammar]. Paper presented at the Fifth Conference on Mandarin Lexical Semantics. National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Wei, Wen-Zhen. 1995. Guo Yu De You Zi Ju [You Constructions in Mandarin]. National Tsing Hua University MA thesis.
Wu, Jing-Cun and Bo-Shu Liang. 1990. “You San Mi Gao” Han “You Ta Gao” De Jie Gou Fen Xi [The constructional analysis of “You San Mi Gao” Han “You Ta Gao”]. Yu Wen Yan Jiu 2: 18-21.
Yang, Hsiufang. 1991. Taiwan Minnanyu Yufagao (Taiwanese Southern Min
Grammar). Taipei: Ta-an Chubanshe..
Zhan, Kai-Di. 1981. You Zi Ju [You Constructions]. Zhong Guo Yu Wen: 27-34.
Zhou, Changji. 1991. Minnanyu he Putonghua (Southern Min and Putonghua). Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe.