人臉辨識科技是近幾年備受矚目的新興科技，隨著人工智慧和機器學習的深度發展，該技術在數字時代下豐富它的應用類別並提高準確性。公私部門在執法和商業等領域的廣泛使用，引發對隱私權、言論自由和集會自由、非歧視原則等權利侵害的擔憂，它的大規模部署可能會導致監視社會的形成。
為處理人臉辨識科技引發的基本權利危機，尋找合適有效的管制方案。本文選擇以歐盟的人臉辨識規範構建作為研究的主體，通過對歐盟立法從個人資料保護到以風險監管作為核心的管制演變歷程的分析。本文發現，以風險做為基礎的管制模式並不能為基本權利的保護設定黃金標準，它沒有給予資料主體自主與自決權，並且忽視人權損害的不可量化性。因此本文認為，針對人臉辨識科技的管制應該從權利出發，在確定保護權利具體為何的情況下，將風險監管作為主要工具，並且給予資料主體控制個人資料的權利。在具體實踐中，應該根據國內法律體系進行配套或單獨的立法，設立監督機構以落實問責制。為個人尊嚴與民主社會之構建，應在任何情況下禁止生物特徵分類與大規模監控科技的使用。

關鍵詞：人臉辨識科技、隱私權、資料保護、歐盟人工智慧法、風險管制、基本權利

Facial recognition technology has recently gained significant attention due to advancements in artificial intelligence and machine learning, which have expanded its applications and improved accuracy. Its widespread use in both public and private sectors, particularly in law enforcement and commercial areas, has raised concerns about privacy rights, freedom of speech and assembly, and non-discrimination. Large-scale deployment of this technology may lead to a surveillance society.
To address the fundamental rights issues arising from facial recognition technology, effective regulatory solutions are needed. This paper focuses on the European Union's regulations on facial recognition, analyzing the evolution of EU legislation from personal data protection to risk-based regulation. It finds that a risk-based regulatory model does not set a gold standard for protecting fundamental rights, failing to provide data subjects with autonomy and disregarding the non-quantifiable nature of human rights harm. The paper argues that regulation should start from a rights-based approach, using risk management as a key tool while giving data subjects the right to control personal data. In practice, specific or separate legislation should be developed in line with domestic legal systems, and supervisory bodies should be established to ensure accountability. To protect individual dignity and democratic society, the use of biometric classification and large-scale surveillance technologies should be banned under all circumstances.

Keywords：facial recognition technology, privacy rights, data protection, EU AI Act, risk management, fundamental rights

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