本文主要探討在愛爾蘭政治，宗教和文化情境下，如何形成喬伊斯所謂的愛爾蘭良知此一重要概念。良知一字來自《畫像》它點出喬伊斯創作《都柏林人》的兩個觀點。首先，喬依斯展現文學良知來對抗殖民論述中的愛爾蘭形象和文藝復興運動中的愛爾蘭性，他也同時批判省思在愛爾蘭民族運動中身為一個民族作家的角色與文化使命。在序言部份，首先要批判的是由葉慈和海德所領導的文藝復興運動的文化策略和論述，進而一步肯定喬氏對愛爾蘭貶抑的描述。第一章主要探討愛爾蘭在大飢荒裡所遭遇的殖民壓迫，及其伴隨而來的經濟蕭條造成愛爾蘭境內的性別與婚姻問題。然而，喬依斯也清楚愛爾蘭的矮化與苦難不能單方歸咎於英國殖民政策，也須反思愛爾蘭自身的的墮落，因為愛爾蘭自願為殖民底下的被壓迫者。第二章探討的是民族運動中的背叛以及宗教干政，我將以Seamus Deane 的論述來闡述愛爾蘭背叛和教會所扮演的政治機制。第三章是要探討死者。首先是對結局作一扼要的文獻回顧，進而分析主人翁如何藉由與三個女性的衝突達到頓悟，並思索蓋爾維的尋根之旅。最後，我再次肯定作為道德史一章的《都柏林人》一書的重要性與喬依斯的貢獻。

Abstract

My thesis focuses on Joyce’s conception of conscience in terms of the Irish political, religious and cultural context. The word “conscience” comes from Portrait to reveal two aspects of Joyce’s intention of writing Dubliners: first, to demonstrate his literary conscience against the image of Ireland in the colonial discourse and to challenge definition of Irishness in the revival movement. And second, Joyce also starts a self-critical view of his own cultural mission and his own artistic role of being an Irish artist in the nationalist movement.
This introduction begins with my interrogation of the cultural project of the Irish Revival. It is a critical survey on the issues of the Gaelic Revival initiated by Douglas Hyde and W. B. Yeats. This interrogation anticipates my assertion of Joyce’s portrait of Ireland’s debasement. In Chapter One, I explore the Irish colonization and subjugation under the British oppression of the Great Famine in the nineteenth century. I will explore the destruction of the Irish economy on the themes of sexuality, gender and marriage. However, Joyce realizes that the Irish subjugation and victimization are not only the result of the British colonialism but also the Irish own degradation when they are willing to become the consent subservience and grateful for being the oppressed.
In Chapter Two, I discuss the theme of betrayal in the Irish nationalism as well as the Church’s involvement in the political movements. And I would highlight the theme of betrayal with Seamus Deane’s discourse of “Ireland’s traditional unfaithfulness” to explore the Catholic Church as a political institution for her involvement in the nationalist movement. In Chapter Three, I discuss the longest story “The Dead”. First, I examine the critical reviews about the final vision and assert my assumption of how Joyce concludes his Dublin world as a world of rebirth through Gabriel’s confrontations with three females (Lily, Miss Ivors and Gretta) and imagines his motherland by Gabriel’s epiphanic journey to Galway in the snow vision. In the conclusion, I will assert Joyce’s contribution of writing Dubliners that serves as a “moral chapter” of demonstrating his literary conscience against the superficial practices of the revivalists’ cultural enterprise and the British colonial discourse in naturalizing the Great Famine. I will re-examine the importance of Joyce’s Dubliners in the Irish Revival movement.

Works Cited

Arnold, Matthew. “On the Study of Celtic Literature.” Lectures and Essays in
Criticism. Ed. R. H. Super. Ann Arbor: Michigan UP, 1962. 320-387.
Beja, Morris. James Joyce: A Literary Life. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1992.
Brunsdale, Mitzi M. James Joyce: A Study of the Short fiction. New York: Twayne
Publishers, 1993.
Cairus, David and Shaun Richards. Writing Ireland: Colonialism, Nationalism and
Culture. Manchester: Manchester UP, 1998.
Castle, Gregory. “ ‘A Renegade from the Ranks’: Joyce’s Critique of
Revivalism in the Early Fiction.” Modernism of the Celtic Revival. New York: Cambridge UP, 2001. 172-208.
Cheng,Vincent J. Joyce, Race, and Empire. New York: Cambridge UP, 1995.
77-145.
---. Cheng, Vincent J. “Catching the Conscience of a Race: Joyce and Celticism.” Joyce in the Hibernian Metropolis Essay. Ed. Morris Beja and David Norris. Columbus: Ohio State UP, 1996. 23-62
Deane, Seamus. “Joyce the Irishman.” The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce. Ed. Derek Attridge. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1990. 31-53.
---. “Dead Ends: Joyce’s finest Moments.” Semicolonial Joyce. Ed. Derek
Attridge and Marjorie Howes. New York: Cambridge UP, 2000. 21-36.
---. “Joyce and Nationalism.” James Joyce: New Perspectives. Ed. Colin
MacCabe. Brighton: Harvester, 1982. 45-71.
Eaggers, Tilly. “What Is a Woman . . . a Symbol Of?” Modern Critical
Interpretation: James Joyce’s Dubliners. Ed. Harold Bloom. New
York: Chelsea House Publisher, 1988. 23-38.
Eagleton, Terry. Heathcliff and the Great Hunger. London: Verso, 1995.
Ehrlich, Heyward. Gender in Joyce. Ed. Jolantaw Wawrzycka and Marlena G.
Gainescille: Florida UP, 1997. 82-100.
Fairhall, James. James Joyce and the Question of History. Cambridge: Cambridge
UP, 1993.
---. “Big-Power Politics and Colonial Economics: The Gordon Bennett Cup Race
and ‘After the Race’.” James Joyce Quarterly 28 (Winter 1991). 387-397.
Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. Trans. Constance Farrington.
New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1968.
Foster, R. F. Modern Ireland: 1600-1972. UK: The Penguin P, 1988.
Fry, Peter and Fiona Sommerset. A History of Ireland. London: Rouledge, 1988.
Garratt, Robert F. Modern Irish Poetry: Tradition and Continuity from Yeats to
Heaney. Berkeley: California UP, 1986.
Ghiselin, Brewster. “The Unity of Joyce’s Dubliners.” Dubliners: Texts, Criticism,
And Notes. Ed. Robert Scholes and A. Walton Litz. New York: The Viking P. 1969. 316-332.
Gifford, Don. Joyce Annotated: Notes for Dubliners and A Portrait of the Artist as a
Young Man. Berkeley: California UP, 1982.
Grada, Cormac O. The Great Irish Famine. Hampshire: Macmillan, 1989.
Greaves, Richard. Transition, Reception, and Modernism in W. B. Yeats. New
York: Palgrave, 2002.
Henke, Suzette. James Joyce and the Politics of Desire. London: Routlede, 1990.
Herring, Phillip f. Joyce's Uncertainty Principle. New Jessy: Princeton UP, 1987.
Hoare, Quintin and Geoffrey Nowell Smith, ed. and trans. Selections from the prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York :International Publishers, 1971.
Hutchinson, John. The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: the Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation State. London: Allen & Unwin, 1987.
Innes, C.L. Woman and Nation in Irish Literature and Society, 1880-1935.
Athens : Georgia UP, 1993
Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man: Text, Criticism, Notes. Ed.
Chester G. Anderson. New York: Viking P, 1968.
---. Dubliners. New York: Viking P, 1969.
---. .Selected Letters of James Joyce. Ed. Richard Ellmann. New York:
Viking P, 1975.
---. The Critical Writings of James Joyce. Ed. Ellsworth Mason and Richard Ellmann. New York: Viking P, 1964.
Kiberd, Declan. Inventing Ireland: The Literature of the Modern Nation. New York:Vintage,1996.
Levenson, Michael. “Living History in ‘The Dead’.” James Joyce: “The Dead”:
Complete, Authoritative Text with Biographical and Historical Contexts,
Critical History, and Essays from Five Contemporary Critical Perspectives.
Ed. Daniel R. Shwarz. New York: St. Martin’s P, 1994. 163-176.
Lyons, F.S.L. Ireland Since the Famine. London: Fontana P, 1973.
Macrae, Alasdair. W. B. Yeats: A Literary Life. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995.
Nolan, Emer. James Joyce and Nationalism. London: Routledge, 1995.
Parrinder, Patrick. “Dubliners.” Modern Critical Views: James Joyce. Ed.
Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers,1986. 245-273.
Peterson, Richard F. James Joyce Revisited. New York: Twayne Publisher, 1992.
Said, Edward W. Orientalism. New York: Vintage, 1979.
Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. “Can the Subaltern Speak?” Marxism and the
Interpretation of Culture. Ed. Cary Nelson and Lawrence Crossbery.
Champaign: Illinois UP, 1988. 271-313.
Rabaté, Jean-Michel. “Silence in Dubliners.” James Joyce: New Perspectives.
Ed. Colin MacCabe. Brighton: Harvester, 1982. 45-71.
Reynolds, Mary T. “The Dantean Design of Joyce’s Dubliners.” Modern Critical
Interpretation: James Joyce’s Dubliners. Ed. Harold Bloom. New
York: Chelsea House Publisher, 1988. 51-57.
Walzl, Florence L. “A Book of Signs and Symbols: The Protagonist.” The Seventh
of Joyce. Ed. Bernard Benstock. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1982.
---. “Dubliners: Women in Irish Society.” Women in Joyce. Ed. Henk, Suzette and Elaine Unkeless. Urbana: Illinois U, 1982. 31-56.
Werner, Craig Hansen. Dubliners: A Pluralistic World. New York: Twayne
publishers, 1988. 73-111.
Williams,Trevor L. Reading Joyce Politically. Gainesville: Florida UP, 1997.

Selected Bibliography

Archibald, Douglas. Yeats. New York: Syracuse UP, 1983. 77-107.
Deane, Seamus. Celtic Revival: Essays in Modern Irish Literature, 1880~1985.
London; Faber &Faber, 1985. 28-50.
Moran, D.P. “The Battle of Two Civilizations.” The Philosophy of Irish Ireland. Dublin: James Duffy & Co., 1905. 94-114.