國際法為國際社會成員互動的共通準則，該法律對於其適用對象的宗教、文化或地域等皆在所不問，亦即預設全體國際社會成員不論其背景為何皆可能以共同的國際法作為互動準則。然而現實狀態下，國際社會裡並存多種文化、宗教和族群，長久以來對於特定事務也許已各自發展出與國際法相異的規範，但國際法經常忽略這些區域性和特殊性法規範的存在。

任何規範被適用於國際法框架之前，必須先確認該規範之國際法法源地位，以彰顯其拘束力。國際法兩大法源有國際條約和習慣國際法，其中後者最可能作為區域性和特殊性法規範之對應國際法法源地位。透過分析國際法實務和學說，觀察到習慣國際法分為兩種，一般習慣國際法和特殊習慣國際法，同時也重新歸納此兩種習慣國際法之定義和構成要件。據此，區域性和特殊性法規範相當可能作為特殊習慣國際法被適用於國際法框架。

為證明此論點的實用性，以伊斯蘭教法為例做驗證。藉著比較伊斯蘭教法與國際法，確認伊斯蘭教法確實為特殊性法規範，緊接著檢視其是否符合特殊習慣國際法之構成要件，最後推論出伊斯蘭教法得作為特殊習慣國際法之結論。

除了學說上的討論，實務上的應用情形亦應關注。本文以國際法院之實務為中心，檢視伊斯蘭教法於國際法院之適用情形，並做分類。雖然從結果上觀察，伊斯蘭教法從未在國際法院正式被直接適用，但本文於文末嘗試歸納出未來伊斯蘭教法作為特殊習慣國際法之適用條件和方式，期待未來國際法領域能有更多的相關討論和實務。

International law is a collection of rules governing the international actors. The international actors primarily refer to the sovereign states but also increasingly to some international organizations and communities. Identifying an international actor is not based on its religious, ethnic or cultural background, because international law ultimately aims to become a common guidance, method, mechanism or language to all international actors. Therefore, it’s impossible to neglect the regional and special rules originating in specific regions and communities.

What source of law a rule belonging to decides its power of effectiveness and biding force. The primary sources of international law are treaties and customary international laws. It is believed that there are two kinds of customary international law–general and special, the regional and special rules potentially belong to the later one.

In order to substantiate this assumption, this thesis reexamines the nature of customary international law and take Islamic law as an example of a special rule belonging to special customary international law because of the obvious distinctions between Islamic law and international law. As a result, this thesis not only includes an overview of mainstream academic theory and interpretations of customary international laws in international court of justice (ICJ), but briefings of the ICJ cases containing elements of Islam.

The ICJ never directly mentioned Islamic Law in the cases, and yet to apply it as a special customary international law. This thesis nevertheless intends to generalize a possible pattern of how to apply Islamic law in territory disputes through analyzing Islamic international law, Islamic property law and academic theories. More related applications and interpretations in all kinds of international judicial institutions such as international courts, international arbitral tribunals and regional judicial institutions could be expected in the future studies.

中文和日文部分
一、 專書
（依姓氏筆畫排序）
1. 小寺彰、石沢雄司、森田章夫（2010）。《講義国際法》，修訂2 版。東京：
有斐閣。
2. 中谷和弘、植木俊哉、河野真理子、森田章夫、山本良（2011）。《国際
法》，修訂2 版。東京：有斐閣。
3. 古賀幸久（1991）。《イスラム国家の国際法規範》，東京：勁草書房。
4. 杉原高嶺、水上千之、臼杵知史、吉井淳、加藤信行、高田映（2012）。
《現代国際法講義》，修訂5 版。東京：有斐閣。
5. 松井芳郎、香西茂、山手治之、田中則夫、薬師寺公夫、坂元茂樹（編）
（2006）。《判例国際法》，修訂2 版。東京：東信堂。
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7. 柳原正治、森川幸一、兼原敦子（編）（2011）。《プラクティス国際法講
義》，修訂2 版。東京：信山社。
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10. 黃居正（2016）。《判例國際公法Ⅱ》，台北：新學林。
二、 期刊論文
（依姓氏筆畫排序）
1. 王泰升，(2015)，〈論台灣社會上習慣的國家法化〉，《臺大法學論叢》， 第
44 卷1 期，頁1-69。
2. 黃居正，(2016)，〈適用原住民族傳統慣習作為法院民事裁判之準據法〉，
《台灣原住民法學》，第1 卷1 期，頁5-16。
3. 陳聰富 (2003)，〈民法之法源〉，《月旦法學雜誌》， 第11 期，頁52-63。
4. 陳瑋佑 (2017)，〈原住民族傳統「習慣」於民事司法上之適用與證明〉，《臺大法學論叢》，第 46 卷特刊，頁1203-1255。

英文部分
一、 專書
（依姓氏字母排序）
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Hague; Boston: Martinus Nijhoff.
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Cambridge University Press.
4. Black, E. ANN. (2013), Modern perspectives on Islamic law (1st ed.). Cheltenham,
UK: Edward Elgar.
5. Brownlie, I. (2006), Principles of public international law (7th ed.). Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press.
6. Cassese, A. (2005), International law (2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge
University Press.
7. Hallaq, W. B. (2005), The origins and evolution of Islamic law (1st ed.).
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8. Hallaq, W. B. (2009), An introduction to Islamic law (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
9. Hefner, R. W. (2011), Shari'a politics: Islamic law and society in the modern world
(1st ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
10. James, C. N. (1964), A history of Islamic law (1st ed.). Edinburgh: University Press.
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Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.
12. Koskenniemi, M. (2011), The politics of international law (1st ed.). Cambridge,
UK: Cambridge University Press.
13. Lissitzyn, O. J. (1965), International Law Today and Tomorrow (1st ed.). New
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14. Malekian, F. (2011), The Principle of Islamic International Criminal Law (1st ed.).
123
Leiden, Netherlands: Brill.
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the Muslim world (1st ed.). London, UK and New York, USA: Zed Book.
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USA: Palgrave Macmillan.
18. Thirlway, H. (2015), The sources of international law (1st ed.). Oxford, UK:
Oxford University Press.
二、 期刊論文
（依姓氏字母排序）
1. Afsah, E. (2008), Contested Universalities of International Law. Islam’s Struggle
with Modernity. Journal of the History of International Law, 10 (2), 259-307.
2. Al-Zuhili, S. W. (2005), Islam and international law. International Review of the
Red Cross, 87 (858), 269-183.
3. Anaya, S. J & Williams, R. A. (2001), The Protection of Indigenous Peoples’
Rights Over Lands and Natural Resources Under the Inter-American Human
Rights System. Harvard Human Rights Journal, 14, 33-86.
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New Step in the International Law of Indigenous Peoples. Arizona Journal of
International and Comparative Law, 19 (1), 1-456.
5. An-Na'im, A. A. (2004), Islam And International Law: Toward A Positive Mutual
Engagement to Realize Shared Ideals. American Society of International Law, 98,
159-168.
6. Badr, G. M. (1978), Islamic Law: Its Relation to Other Legal Systems. The
American Journal of Comparative Law, 26 (2), 187-198.
7. Baker, R. B. (2010), Customary International Law in the 21st Century: Old
Challenges and New Debates. European Journal of International Law, 21 (1), 173-
204.
8. Baker, R. B. (2016), Customary International Law: A Reconceptualization.
124
Brooklyn Journal of International Law, 41 (2), 439-489.
9. Bederman, D. J (2010), Acquiescence, Objection and the Death of Customary
International Law. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law, 21, 31-45.
10. Bradley, C. A. & Gulati, M. (2010), Customary International Law and Withdrawal
Rights in An Age of Treaties. Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law,
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Their Ancestral Lands: Lex Imperfecta. American University International Law
Review, 28 (4), 1129-1171.
13. Cravens, W. S. D. (1998), The Future of Islamic Legal Arguments in International
Boundary Disputes Between Islamic States. Washington and Lee Law Review, 55
(2), 529-576.
14. D’Amato, A. (1969), The Concept of Special Custom in International Law.
American journal of international law, 63 (2), 211-223.
15. Davis, D. C. (2013), Land in The Second Decade: The Evolution of Indigenous
Property Rights and The Energy Industry in The United States and Brazil. Energy
Law Journal, 34 (2), 667-686.
16. Esmaeili, H. (2011), The Nature and Development of Law in Islam And the Rule
of Law Challenge in The Middle East and The Muslin World. Connecticut Journal
of International Law, 26, 329-266.
17. Falk, R. A (1966), On the Quasi-Legislative Competence of the General Assembly.
The American Journal of International Law, 60 (4), 782-791.
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Supreme Court Economic Review, Annual, 17, 279-309.
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Constitutional Crisis. Texas International Law Journal, 30, 499-533.
20. Grossman, A (2004), “Islamic Land”: Group Rights, National Identity and Law.
UCLA Journal of Islamic & Near Eastern Law, 3, 53-89.
125
21. Habachy, S. (1962), Property, Right and Contract in Muslin Law. Columbia Law
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International Law, 76, 65-75.
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Law Journal, 84 (4), 1401-1423.
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Law. William and Mary Law Review, 54, 885-920.
25. Kammerhofer, J. (2004), Uncertainty in The Formal Sources of International Law:
Customary International Law and Some of Its Problems. European Journal of
International Law, 15 (3), 523-553.
26. Koskenniemi, M. (1997), Hierarchy in International law: A Sketch. European
Journal of International Law, 8(4), 566-582.
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Technique and Politics. Modern Law Review, 70 (1), 1-30.
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the Shaping of the International Legal Order. European Journal of International
Law, 16 (3), 369-408.
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Court of Justice: An Analysis. Chicago Journal of International Law, 8 (1), 85-
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126
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127
46. Schrader, H. S (1982), Custom and General Principles as Sources of
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三、 案例
（依年份排序）
1. The Case of the S.S. Lotus (France v. Turkey), Judgement of 7 September, [1927]
P.C.I.J., Series A, No. 10.
2. Asylum Case (Colombia v. Peru), Judgment of 20 November, [1950] I. C. J Rep.
266.
3. Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway), Judgement of 18 December [1951]
I.C.J. Rep. 116.
4. Case Concerning Right of Passage over Indian Territory (Portugal v. India),
Judgment of 12 April, [1960] I. C. J Rep. 6.
5. North Sea Continental Shelf Case (Germany v. Denmark, Germany v.
Netherlands), Judgment of 20 February, [1969] I. C. J Rep. 3.
6. Western Sahara, Advisoty Opinion of 16 October, [1975] I.C.J. Rep. 12.
7. United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America
v. Iran), Judgment of 24 May, [1980] I.C.J. Rep. 3.
8. Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad), Judgment of 3 February,
128
[1994] I.C.J. Rep. 6.
9. Maritime Delimitation und Territorial Questions between Qatar uncl Bahrain
(Qatar v. Bahrain), Jurisdiction and Admissibility of 1 July, [1994] I. C.J. Rep. 112.
10. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, Advisory Opinion of 8 July,
[1996] I.C.J Rep. 481.
11. GabCikovo-Nagymaros Project (HungarylSlovakia), Judgment of 25 September,
[1997] I.C.J. Rep. 7.
12. Questions of Interpretation and Application of the 1971 Montreal Conven- tion
arisingfrom the Aerial Incident at Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United
States of America), Preliminary Objections, Judgment of 27 February, [1998] I.
C.J. Rep.115.
13. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory, Advisory Opinion of 9 July, [2004] I. C. J Rep. 136.
14. Sovereignty and Maritime Delimitation in the Red Sea (Eritrea v. Yemen), Award
of The Arbitral Tribunal in The Second Stage of The Proceedings (Maritime
Delimitation) of 3 October 1996.
四、 國際條約
1. United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 10 December
1982.
2. United Nations, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 23 May 1969.