無論古今地圖中的內容，皆無法涵蓋土地上所有地理事物。往往其內容主要傳達某些主題或目的，因而選擇需要的地理事物，再繪製於地圖上。故分析古地圖時，需注意古地圖所選擇的地理事物，可能不同於現代地圖中所欲表達的事物。或許古今地圖依據相異的製圖原則，其重即在於古今對地理所欲表現不同的重點。另一方面，傳達地理概念 (Geographic Concept) 的表現方式有文字與地圖兩種方式，同樣地，無論文字或地圖的記錄方式，亦無法完整包含所有的地理事物，且多著重於他們記錄時所需要的資訊，因而他們傳達不同的地理訊息。本論文即分析中國西元前二世紀的馬王堆 (今湖南長沙) 地圖，來探討地圖中欲傳達的地理概念。

筆者嘗試分析馬王堆地圖中各種地理事物，諸如：河流、湖泊、山、居住地和軍事設備等的表現手法，並從這些圖示畫法中證明馬王堆地圖可能為不同的製圖者所製作。而近年來學者對馬王堆地圖的研究多從計算比例尺切入，但有尚待深究的課題。例如筆者重新探討地形圖圖面上方即為正南方議題，從地圖中提及的聚落點與現今衛星地圖對照，可見正南方應位於圖面的右上角。本論文討論此類圖面設計問題，以及在地圖中所發現的各種製圖特徵，進而假設當時可能的製圖方法 (Cartography) 與影響製圖法的因素。特別是，經由馬王堆地圖中可能運用的製圖法，而所傳達的地理訊息，是否為一種示意性質地圖進行討論。並在文中最後，藉由文字史料的地理記錄，分析馬王堆地圖當時的歷史背景與地理概念，再反思馬王堆地圖中所傳達的地理觀念，與文字史料呈現之異同。筆者嘗試由馬王堆地圖此案例，重建漢代當時的地理概念。

Ancient maps, as well as their modern counterparts, never contained all geographic matters related to the territory they mapped. Instead, the contents of the maps resulted from the choices of the mapmakers concerning the matters to be displayed. The selection of represented elements might have been conducted according to principles dramatically different from those adopted in modern cartography, which makes the analysis of the ancient maps a non-trivial task. One may suggest that written records might be used for interpretation of old maps; however, the textual records and maps were often based on different methodologies and therefore the interpretation of old maps with the help of contemporaneous textual records may pose additional problems.

This thesis is devoted to an analysis of two maps from Ma Wang Dui 馬王堆 (Hunan Province, China) found in a tomb sealed in the 2nd century BCE. Interpretation of these two maps is related with the problems mentioned above. To deal with them, firstly, I analyzed the cartographic representations of rivers, lakes, mountains, places of residence, and military installations used in these maps; I arguef that these two maps were probably drawn by different cartographers using different cartographic methodologies. Secodnly, I studied the locations of a selection of sites represented in the Ma Wang Dui maps in comparison with their locations on modern satellite maps. One of the problems worth discussing is related to the scales of the maps. Recently researchers calculated the scales presumably used by the ancient Chinese cartographers in the Ma Wang Dui maps, but there are certain questionable elements in these reconstructions. For example, it was suggested that one of the maps was South-oriented; however, my study of this map shows that the actual South might have been located in the right upper part of the map.

In my thesis, I discuss in detail this and other particular features found in the maps and advance hypotheses concerning the methods used to produce them; in particular, I argue that the maps can be categorized as “schematic maps”. Finally, I use various textual records to analyze the historical background and the contemporaneous geographic concepts, and compare them with relevant features of the Ma Wang Dui maps. On the basis of my study of these two maps, I provide a reconstruction of the geographic concepts of the time when the maps were designed.

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