昆蟲的青春激素主要是由咽側腺生成與分泌，並且對蟲體的生長、變態、卵黃生成與生殖等功能上扮演重要的角色。麩胺酸是一種神經傳導物質，可以調控許多複雜的生理功能。在無脊椎動物的肌肉與神經系統的研究顯示，經由不同類型的麩胺酸受器可以對細胞產生興奮性與抑制性的反應。本篇論文主要是說明活化興奮性D類型麩胺酸受器可以增加甲蟲蟑螂咽側腺細胞內鈣離子的濃度並且促進青春激素的生成。同時，經由處理受器的活化藥物ibotenic acid 和ivermectin，我們也發現可以通透氯離子的抑制性H類型麩胺酸受器表現於咽側腺細胞上，活化此種類型的受器可以造成細胞膜電位的再極化反應以及在母蟲卵發育的週期中，可以顯著地抑制青春激素的生成。當興奮性D類型與抑制性H類型的麩胺酸受器都參與調控青春激素的生成，我們推測這二種類型的麩胺酸受器對青春激素生成的影響是以協同作用的形式來影響卵發育的週期與激素生成最大量之高活性腺體的時期。這些結果說明抑制性H類型麩胺酸受器的一種新功能－可以表現於內分泌系統並調控激素的生成，同時也說明麩胺酸是調控青春激素生成的重要因子之一，藉由影響麩胺酸受器以及調控青春激素的生成量，未來可以應用於新型態殺蟲藥物的研發。

Juvenile hormone (JH) synthesized and released from endocrine gland corpus allatum (CA) plays important roles in insect metamorphosis, vitellogenesis and reproduction. Glutamate is the main neurotransmitter to mediate a complex of physiological function and its activated receptors have been shown to possess excitatory and inhibitory responses in muscle fibers and nervous system of invertebrates. Previously, excitatory D-type glutamate receptors (NMDA and non-NMDA subtypes) elicit an increase of the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) to cause stimulation of JH synthesis in the cockroach, Diploptera puntata. Here, the occurrence of inhibitory H-type glutamate receptor, which increases chloride channel conductance, has been demonstrated on CA cell membranes while application of channel activators, ibotenic acid and ivermectin, but not GABA and activation of GluCl channels could induce hyperpolarization of membrane potential and cause a dramatic decline in JH synthesis at either highly active or inactive glands during the gonadotrophic cycle. Since the regulation of JH is involved in both excitatory D- and inhibitory H-type glutamate receptors, we hypothesize that two typed glutamate receptors act as synergistic effects to contribute the rates of JH synthesis during the gonadotrophic cycle and peak JH synthesis at highly active glands. These results illustrate a novel function of glutamate gated-chloride channels in the endocrine system and suggest that glutamate may act as a new releasing factor to regulate JH synthesis and could be a potential pathway for developing a new generation of insecticide.

Allen CU, Janzen WP, Granger NA. (1992) Manipulation of intracellular calcium affects in vitro juvenile hormone synthesis by larval corpora allata of Manduca sexta. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 84, 227-241.
Audsley N, Weaver RJ, Edwards JP. (1998) Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for Manduca sexta allatostatin (Mas-AS), isolation and measurement of Mas-AS immunoreactive peptide in Lacanobia oleracea. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 28, 775-784.
Audsley N, Weaver RJ, Edwards JP. (2000) Juvenile hormone biosynthesis by corpora allata of larval tomato moth, Lacanobia oleracea, and regulation by Manduca sexta allatostatin and allatotropin. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30, 681-689.
Avery L, Horvitz HR. (1990) Effects of starvation and neuroactive drugs on feeding in Caenorhabditis elegans. J. Exp. Zool. 253, 263-270.
Bloomquist JR, (2003) Chloride channels as tools for developing selective insecticides. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54, 145-156.
Brann DW, Mahesh VB. (1997) Excitatory amino acids: evidence for a role in the control of reproduction and anterior pituitary hormone secretion. Endocr. Rev. 18, 678-700.
Breen CA, Atwood HL. (1983) Octopamine--a neurohormone with presynaptic activity-dependent effects at crayfish neuromuscular junctions. Nature 303, 716-718.
Campbell WC, Fisher MH, Stapley EO, Albers-Schonberg G, Jacob TA. (1983) Ivermectin: a potent new antiparasitic agent. Science 221, 823-828.
Chang LW, Tsai C M, Yang DM, Chiang AS (2004) Cell size control by ovarian factors regulates juvenile hormone synthesis in corpora allata of the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. (in press).
Chiang AS, Tsai WH, Schal C. (1995) Neural and hormonal regulation of growth of corpora allata in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 115, 51-57.
Chiang AS, Tsai WH, Holbrook GL, Schal C. (1996) Control of cell proliferation in the corpora allata during the reproductive cycle of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 32, 299-313.
Chiang AS, Lin WY, Liu HP, Pszczolkowski MA, Fu TF, Chiu SL, Holbrook GL. (2002a) Insect NMDA receptors mediate juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 99, 37-42.
Chiang AS, Pszczolkowski MA, Liu HP, Lin SC. (2002b) Ionotropic glutamate receptors mediate juvenile hormone synthesis in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 32, 669-678.
Cleland TA, Selverston AI. (1995) Glutamate-gated inhibitory currents of central pattern generator neurons in the lobster stomatogastric ganglion. J. Neurosci. 15, 6631-6639.
Cleland TA. (1996) Inhibitory glutamate receptor channels. Mol. Neurobiol. 13, 97-136.
Couillaud F, Feyereisen R. (1991) Assay of HMG-CoA synthase in Diploptera punctata corpora allata. Insect Biochem. 21, 131–135.
Couillaud F, Rossignol F. (1991) Characterization and regulation of HMG-CoA synthase in Locusta migratoria corpora allata. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 18, 273–283.
Cull-Candy SG. (1976) Two types of extrajunctional L-glutamate receptors in locust muscle fibres. J. Physiol. 255, 449–464.
Cully DF, Vassilatis DK, Liu KK, Paress PS, Van der Ploeg LH, Schaeffer JM, Arena JP. (1994) Cloning of an avermectin-sensitive glutamate-gated chloride channel from Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 371, 707–711.
Cully DF, Paress PS, Liu KK, Schaeffer JM, Arena JP. (1996) Identification of a Drosophila melanogaster glutamate-gated chloride channel sensitive to the antiparasitic agent avermectin. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 20187-20191.
Delgado R, Barla R, Latorre R, Labarca P. (1989) L-glutamate activates excitatory and inhibitory channels in Drosophila larval muscle. FEBS Lett. 243, 337-342.
Dent JA, Davis MW, Avery L. (1997) avr-15 encodes a chloride channel subunit that mediates inhibitory glutamatergic neurotransmission and ivermectin sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. EMBO J. 16, 5867-5879.
Dent JA, Smith MM, Vassilatis DK, Avery L. (2000) The genetics of ivermectin resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97, 2674-2679.
Dingledine R, Borges K, Bowie D, Traynelis SF. (1999) The glutamate receptor ion channels. Pharmacol. Rev. 51, 7-61.
Dudel J, Franke C, Hatt H, Usherwood PNR. (1989) Chloride channels gated by extrajunctional glutamate receptors (H-receptors) on locust leg muscle. Brain Res. 481, 215-220.
Etter A, Cully DF, Liu KK, Reiss B, Vassilatis DK, Schaeffer JM, Arena JP. (1999) Picrotoxin blockade of invertebrate glutamate-gated chloride channels: subunit dependence and evidence for binding within the pore. J. Neurochem, 72, 318-326.
Evans PD. (1981) Multiple receptor types for octopamine in the locust. J. Physiol. 318, 99-122.
Feinstein N, Parnas D, Parnas H, Dudel J, Parnas I. (1998) Functional and immunocytochemical identification of glutamate autoreceptors of an NMDA type in crayfish neuromuscular junction. J. Neurophysiol. 80, 2893-2899.
Feyereisen R, Tobe SS. (1981) A rapid partition assay for routine analysis of juvenile hormone release by insect corpora allata. Anal. Biochem. 111, 372-375.
Ffrench-Constant RH, Rocheleau TA, Steichen JC, Chalmers AE. (1993) A point mutation in a Drosophila GABA receptor confers insecticide resistance. Nature 363, 449-451.
Forrester SG, Prichard RK, Dent JA, Beech RN. (2003) Haemonchus contortus: HcGluCla expressed in Xenopus oocytes forms a glutamate-gated ion channel that is activated by ibotenate and the antiparasitic drug ivermectin. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 129, 115-121.
Geary TG, Sims SM, Thomas EM, Vanover L, Davis JP, Winterrowd CA, Klein RD, Ho NF, Thompson DP. (1993) Haemonchus contortus: ivermectin-induced paralysis of the pharynx. Exp. Parasitol. 77, 88-96.
Gershengorn MC. (1986) Mechanism of thyrotropin releasing hormone stimulation of pituitary hormone secretion. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 48, 515-526.
Gilbert LI, Granger NA, Roe RM. (2000) The juvenile hormones: historical facts and speculations on future research directions. Insect Biochem Mol. Biol. 30, 617-644.
Giovannucci DR, Stuenkel EL (1995) Glutamate receptor agonists modulate [Ca2+]i in isolated rat melanotropes. Neuroendocrinology 62, 111-122.
Grynkiewicz G, Poenie M, Tsien RY. (1985) A new generation of Ca2+ indicators with greatly improved fluorescence properties. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3440-3450.
Holbrook GL, Chiang AS, Schal C. (1996) Allatostatin inhibition and farnesil stimulation of corpus allatum activity in embryos of the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 32, 341-352.
Hollmann M, Heinemann S. (1994) Cloned glutamate receptors. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 17, 31-108.
Horoszok L, Raymond V, Sattelle DB, Wolstenholme AJ. (2001) GLC-3: a novel fipronil and BIDN-sensitive, but picrotoxinin-insensitive, L-glutamate-gated chloride channel subunit from Caenorhabditis elegans. Br. J. Pharmacol. 132, 1247-1254.
Horseman BG, Seymour C, Bermudez I, Beadle DJ. (1988) The effects of L-glutamate on cultured insect neurones. Neurosci. Lett. 85, 65-70.
Ikeda T, Zhao X, Kono Y, Yeh JZ, Narahashi T. (2003) Fipronil modulation of glutamate-induced chloride currents in cockroach thoracic ganglion neurons.
Neurotoxicology 24, 807-815.
Jan LY, Jan YN. (1976) Properties of the larval neuromuscular junction in Drosophila melanogaster. J. Physiol. 262, 189-214.
Johnson GD, Stay B, Chan KK. (1993) Structure-activity relationships in corpora allata of the cockroach Diploptera punctata: roles of mating and the ovary. Cell Tissue Res. 274, 279-293.
Kane NS, Hirschberg B, Qian S, Hunt D, Thomas B, Brochu R, Ludmerer SW, Zheng Y, Smith M, Arena JP, et al. (2000) Drug-resistant Drosophila indicate glutamate-gated chloride channels are targets for the antiparasitics nodulisporic acid and ivermectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 97, 13949-13954.
Keane J, Avery L. (2003) Mechanosensory inputs influence Caenorhabditis elegans pharyngeal activity via ivermectin sensitivity genes. Genetics 164, 153-162.
Kikukawa S, Tobe SS, Solowiej S, Rankin SM, Stay B. (1987) Calcium as regulator of juvenile hormone biosynthesis and release in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. Insect Biochem. 17, 179–187.
Kiyama H, Sato K, Tohyama M. (1993) Characteristic localization of non-NMDA type glutamate receptor subunits in the rat pituitary gland. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 19, 262-268.
Klaassen LW, Kammer AE. (1985) Octopamine enhances neuromuscular transmission in developing and adult moths, Manduca sexta. J. Neurobiol. 16, 227-243.
Krusek J, Zemkova H. (1994) Effect of ivermectin on gamma-aminobutyric acid-induced chloride currents in mouse hippocampal embryonic neurones. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 259, 121-128.
Lafon-Cazal M, Bockaert J. (1985) Pharmacological characterization of octopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the flight muscle of Locusta migratoria. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 119, 53-59.
Lange AB, Chan KK, Stay B. (1993) Effect of allatostatin and proctolin on antennal pulsatile organ and hindgut muscle in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 24, 79-92.
Li H, Avery L, Denk W, Hess GP. (1997) Identification of chemical synapses in the pharynx of Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 94, 5912-5916.
Lingle C, Marder E. (1981) A glutamate-activated chloride conductance on a crustacean muscle. Brain Res. 212, 481-488.
Login IS. (1990) Direct stimulation of pituitary prolactin release by glutamate. Life Sci. 47, 2269-2275.
Lynch JW, Rajendra S, Barry PH, Schofield PR. (1995) Mutations affecting the glycine receptor agonist transduction mechanism convert the competitive antagonist, picrotoxin, into an allosteric potentiator. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13799-13806.
Marrus SB, Portman SL, Allen MJ, Moffat KG, DiAntonio A. (2004) Differential localization of glutamate receptor subunits at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. J. Neurosci. 24, 1406-1415.
Martin RJ. (1996) An electrophysiological preparation of Ascaris suum pharyngeal muscle reveals a glutamate-gated chloride channel sensitive to the avermectin analogue, milbemycin D. Parasitology 112, 247-252.
Meller VH, Aucoin RR, Tobe SS, Feyereisen R. (1985) Evidence for an inhibitory role of cyclic AMP in the control of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by cockroach corpora allata. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 43, 155-163.
Monaghan DT, Bridges RJ, Cotman CW. (1989) The excitatory amino acid receptors: their classes, pharmacology, and distinct properties in the function of the central nervous system. Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 29, 365-402.
Newland CF, Cull-Candy SG. (1992) On the mechanism of action of picrotoxin on GABA receptor channels in dissociated sympathetic neurones of the rat. J. Physiol. 447, 191-213.
Nishikawa K, Kidokoro Y. (1999) Octopamine inhibits synaptic transmission at the larval neuromuscular junction in Drosophila melanogaster. Brain Res. 837, 67-74.
Oeh U, Lorenz MW, Dyker H, Losel P, Hoffmann KH. (2000) Interaction between Manduca sexta allatotropin and Manduca sexta allatostatin in the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30, 719-727.
Ozawa S, Kamiya H, Tsuzuki K. (1998) Glutamate receptors in the mammalian central nervous system. Prog. Neurobiol. 54, 581-618.
Portillo V, Jagannathan S, Wolstenholme AJ. (2003) Distribution of glutamate-gated chloride channel subunits in the parasitic nematode Haemonchus contortus. J. Comp. Neurol. 462, 213-222.
Pow DV. (1993) Immunocytochemistry of amino-acids in the rodent pituitary using extremely specific, very high titre antisera. J. Neuroendocrinol. 5, 349-356.
Pratt GE, Farnsworth DE, Siegel NR, Fok KF, Feyereisen R. (1989) Identification of an allatostatin from adult Diploptera punctata. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 163, 1243-1247.
Pratt GE, Farnsworth DE, Feyereisen R. (1990) Changes in the sensitivity of adult cockroach corpora allata to a brain allatostatin. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 70, 185-195.
Pratt GE, Farnsworth DE, Fok KF, Siegel NR, McCormack AL, Shabanowitz J, Hunt DF, Feyereisen R. (1991) Identity of a second type of allatostatin from cockroach brains: an octadecapeptide amide with a tyrosine-rich address sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88, 2412-2416.
Pribilla I, Takagi T, Langosch D, Bormann J, Betz H. (1992) The atypical M2 segment of the beta subunit confers picrotoxinin resistance to inhibitory glycine receptor channels. EMBO J. 11, 4305-4311.
Pszczolkowski MA, Lee WS, Liu HP, Chiang AS. (1999) Glutamate-induced rise in cytosolic calcium concentration stimulates in vitro rates of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in corpus allatum of Diploptera punctata. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 158, 163-171.
Pszczolkowski MA, Chiang A. (2000) Effects of chilling stress on allatal growth and juvenile hormone synthesis in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. J. Insect Physiol. 46, 923-931.
Rachinsky A, Zhang J, Tobe SS. (1994) Signal transduction in the inhibition of juvenile hormone biosynthesis by allatostatins: roles of diacylglycerol and calcium. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 105, 89-96.
Rachinsky A, Tobe S. (1996) Role of second messengers in the regulation of juvenile hormone production in insects, with particular emphasis on calcium and phosphoinositide signaling. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 33, 259-282.
Rankin SM, Stay B. (1984) The changing effect of the ovary on rates of juvenile hormone synthesis in Diploptera punctata. Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 54, 382-388
Raymond V, Sattelle DB, Lapied B. (2000) Co-existence in DUM neurones of two GluCl channels that differ in their picrotoxin sensitivity. Neuroreport 11, 2695-2701
Riedel G, Platt B, Micheau J. (2003) Glutamate receptor function in learning and memory. Behav. Brain Res. 140, 1-47.
Sattelle DB. (1992) Receptors for L-glutamate and GABA in the nervous system of an insect (Periplaneta americana). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 103, 429-438.
Scharrer B. (1987) Insects as models in neuroendocrine research. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 32, 1-16.
Schneggenburger R, Zhou Z, Konnerth A, Neher E. (1993) Fractional contribution of calcium to the cation current through glutamate receptor channels. Neuron 11, 133-143.
Schoepp DD (1993) The biochemical pharmacology of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21, 97-102.
Schuster CM, Ultsch A, Schloss P, Cox JA, Schmitt B, Betz H. (1991) Molecular cloning of an invertebrate glutamate receptor subunit expressed in Drosophila muscle. Science 254, 112-114.
Schuster CM, Ultsch A, Schmitt B, Betz H. (1993) Molecular analysis of Drosophila glutamate receptors. EXS. 63, 234-240.
Semenov EP, Pak WL. (1999) Diversification of Drosophila chloride channel gene by multiple posttranscriptional mRNA modifications. J. Neurochem. 72, 66-72.
Shan Q, Haddrill JL, Lynch JW. (2001) Ivermectin, an unconventional agonist of the glycine receptor chloride channel. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 12556-12564.
Sheng M, Kim MJ. (2002) Postsynaptic signaling and plasticity mechanisms. Science 298, 776-780.
Siegel SJ, Brose N, Janssen WG, Gasic GP, Jahn R, Heinemann SF, Morrison JH. (1994) Regional, cellular, and ultrastructural distribution of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit 1 in monkey hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 91, 564-568.
Sigel E, Baur R, Malherbe P, Mohler H. (1989) The rat beta 1-subunit of the GABAA receptor forms a picrotoxin-sensitive anion channel open in the absence of GABA. FEBS Lett. 257, 377-379.
Sinakevitch I, Strausfeld NJ. (2004) Chemical neuroanatomy of the fly's movement detection pathway. J. Comp. Neurol. 468, 6-23.
Skinner JR, Fairbairn SE, Woodhead AP, Bendena WG, Stay B. (1997) Allatostatin in hemocytes of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. Cell. Tissue Res. 290, 119-128.
Sprengel R, Aronoff R, Volkner M, Schmitt B, Mosbach R, Kuner T. (2001) Glutamate receptor channel signatures. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22, 7-10.
Stay B, Joshi S, Woodhead AP. (1991) Sensitivity to allatostatins of corpora allata from larval and adult female Diploptera punctata. J. Insect Physiol. 37, 63-70.
Stay B, Chan KK, Woodhead AP. (1992) Allatostatin-immunoreactive neurons projecting to the corpora allata of adult Diploptera punctata. Cell. Tissue Res. 270, 15-23.
Stay B, Fairbairn S, Yu CG. (1996) Role of allatostatins in the regulation of juvenile hormone synthesis. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 32, 287-297
Stay B. (2000) A review of the role of neurosecretion in the control of juvenile hormone synthesis: a tribute to Berta Scharrer. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30, 653-662.
Taylor PA, Bhatt TR, Horodyski FM. (1996) Molecular characterization and expression analysis of Manduca sexta allatotropin. Eur. J. Biochem. 239, 588-596.
Thompson CS, Yagi KJ, Chen ZF, Tobe SS. (1990) The effects of octopamine on juvenile hormone biosynthesis, electrophysiology, and cAMP content of the corpora allata of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. J. Comp. Physiol. 160, 241-249.
Tobe SS, Pratt GE. (1974) The influence of substrate concentrations on the rate of insect juvenile hormone biosynthesis by corpora allata of the desert locust in vitro. Biochem. J. 144, 107-113.
Tobe SS, Stay B. (1977) Corpus allatum activity in vitro during the reproductive cycle of the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata (Eschscholtz). Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 31, 138–147.
Tobe SS, Ruegg RP, Stay BA, Baker FC, Miller CA, Schooley DA. (1985) Juvenile hormone titre and regulation in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. Experientia 41, 1028-1034.
Tobe SS, Stay B. (1985) Structure and regulation of the corpus allatum. Adv. Insect Physiol. 18, 305–432.
Ultsch A, Schuster CM, Laube B, Schloss P, Schmitt B, Betz H. (1992) Glutamate receptors of Drosophila melanogaster: cloning of a kainate-selective subunit expressed in the central nervous system. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89, 10484-10488.
Ultsch A, Schuster CM, Laube B, Betz H, Schmitt B. (1993) Glutamate receptors of Drosophila melanogaster. Primary structure of a putative NMDA receptor protein expressed in the head of the adult fly. FEBS Lett. 324, 171-177.
Unnithan GC, Sutherland TD, Cromey DW, Feyereisen R. (1998) A factor causing stable stimulation of juvenile hormone synthesis by Diploptera punctata corpora allata in vitro. J. Insect Physiol. 44, 1027-1037.
Usherwood PNR, Machili P. (1966) Chemical transmission of the excitatory neuromuscular synapse. Nature 210, 634-636.
Usherwood PNR. (1994) Insect glutamate receptors. Adv. Insect Physiol. 24, 309-334.
van den Pol AN, Wuarin JP, Dudek FE. (1990) Glutamate, the dominant excitatory transmitter in neuroendocrine regulation. Science 250, 1276-1278.
van del Pol AN. (1991) Glutamate and aspartate immunoreactivity in hypothalamic presynaptic axons. J. Neurosci. 11, 2087-2101.
Vassilatis DK, Elliston KO, Paress PS, Hamelin M, Arena JP, Schaeffer JM, Van der Ploeg LH, Cully DF. (1997) Evolutionary relationship of the ligand-gated ion channels and the avermectin-sensitive, glutamate-gated chloride channels. J. Mol. Evol. 44, 501-508.
Villalobos C, Nunez L, Garcia-Sancho J. (1996) Functional glutamate receptors in a subpopulation of anterior pituitary cells. FASEB J. 10, 654-660.
Volkner M, Lenz-Bohme B, Betz H, Schmitt B. (2000) Novel CNS glutamate receptor subunit genes of Drosophila melanogaster. J. Neurochem. 75, 1791-1799.
Washio H. (1994) Effects of putative neurotransmitters on dorsal unpaired median neurons of cockroach thoracic ganglia. J. Insect Physiol. 40, 841-847.
Washio H. (2002) Glutamate receptors on the somata of dorsal unpaired median neurons in cockroach, Periplaneta americana, thoracic ganglia. Zool. Sci. 19, 153-162.
Woodhead AP, Stay B, Seidel SL, Khan MA, Tobe SS. (1989) Primary structure of four allatostatins: neuropeptide inhibitors of juvenile hormone synthesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86, 5997-6001.
Woodhead AP, Khan MA, Stay B, Tobe SS. (1994) Two new allatostatins from the brains of Diploptera punctata. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 24, 257-263.
Xue H. (1998) Identification of major phylogenetic branches of inhibitory ligand-gated channel receptors. J. Mol. Evol. 47, 323-333.