應用於渾沌光達系統之轉阻放大器｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	陳渙中 Chen, Huan-Jhong
論文名稱：	應用於渾沌光達系統之轉阻放大器 A Transimpedance Amplifier for Chaotic LiDAR System
指導教授：	黃柏鈞 Huang, Po-Chiun
口試委員:	謝秉璇 Hsieh, Ping-Hsuan 李泰成 Lee, Tai-Cheng
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電機工程學系 Department of Electrical Engineering
論文出版年：	2024
畢業學年度：	112
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	87
中文關鍵詞：	飛時測距、光達系統、光電二極體、轉阻放大器
外文關鍵詞：	Time of flight, Light detection and ranging, Photodiode, Transimpedance amplifier
相關次數：	點閱：3 下載：0
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近年來隨著AR、VR 乃至於自動駕駛等領域的蓬勃發展，傳統RGB 影像僅包含二維資訊已不敷使用，需要額外引進物體距離或輪廓等三維資訊。光學雷達(LiDAR) 為其之實踐方法之一，其使用了飛時測距(time of flight, ToF) 之概念。傳統上為了因應環境中有多重使用者、多重系統之相互干擾，會使用偽隨機識別碼(pseudorandom code) 之技術，藉由調變出射光，系統進而經由解碼辨別出正確之接收光。混沌光達(chaotic LiDAR) 提出利用半導體雷射之物理特性，於雷射光源直接產生隨機之光訊號，除了可降低系統之複雜性及成本以外，亦可帶來真正的隨機訊號。
此系統之接收端，首先需要雪崩光電二極體(avalanche photodiode, APD) 進行照光，緊接著為轉阻放大器(transimpedance amplifier, TIA) 將電流訊號放大為電壓訊號。為了增加視角(field of view, FoV)，需使用較大面積之雪崩光電二極體，隨之而來為較大之寄生電容。此研究主軸為轉阻放大器，我們所設計之轉阻放大器需能克服較大之寄生電容。進一步我們將分析雜訊(noise)，透過降低雜訊以提高訊號雜訊比(SNR) 進而提高系統之精確度(precision)。
我們提出了使用共閘極(common gate) 做為第一級放大器，搭配電阻作為回授(feedback)之架構。考量雪崩光電二極體之響應率(responsivity)及照光強度之下，我們將轉阻放大器之增益設定在2 kΩ。此架構有著極低之輸入阻抗(input impedance)，可以有效克服前述之寄生電容。在3 pF之寄生電容之下，有著450 MHz之頻寬，即使將寄生電容提高到12 pF，仍然有著306 MHz的頻寬。對於輸入電壓微調，有著±50 mV之範圍。而輸入端雜訊(input referred noise) 表現則為22.3 pA/√Hz。

AR, VR and auto drive are fast developing in recent years. We need 3D information such as the distance or the shape of the object. The light detection and ranging (LiDAR) system can put it into practice. The system features with the time of flight (ToF). To conquer the multi-user and multi-system interference, we usually use the pseudorandom code modutation technique in traditional. The chaotic LiDAR features with the physical
properties of semiconductor laser which can directly generate random light signal. It can make the complexity and the cost lower. Furthermore, it can bring truly random signal. At the receiving end of the system, we will need an avalanche photodiode (APD) for illumination at first. The transimpedance amplifier (TIA) will then amplify the current signal into the voltage signal. To increase the field of view (FoV), we need large photodetector area which follows by a large parasitic capacitance. The research mainly focus on the transimpedance amplifier. We design a transimpedance amplifier which
can overcome the large parasitic capacitance. Furthermore, we analysis the noise performance. By increasing the signal to noise ratio (SNR), we can increase the precision of the system.
We use common gate structure as the first stage amplifier and a resistor as feedback network. In consider with the photodetector responsivity and the illumination intensity, the gain of the TIA is set to 2 kΩ. The structure has low input impedance which can conquer the parasitic capacitance mentioned above. Under the condition of 3 pF parasitic capacitance, the bandwidth achieves 450 MHz. Even though the parasitic capacitance increases to 12 pF, it still has the 306 MHz bandwidth. The input bias tuning range is ±50 mV. The input referred noise is 22.3 pA/√Hz.

Abstract (Chinese).................................II
Abstract...........................................IV
Acknowledgements (Chinese).........................VI
Contents.........................................VIII
List of Figures....................................XI
List of Tables....................................XIV
Introduction......................................1
1 Motivation......................................1
1.1 The Detection of Shape and Distance...........1
1.2 Time of Flight (ToF)..........................5
1.3 Chaotic LiDAR.................................6
2 System Architecture.............................7
3 Photodetector and TIA...........................9
3.1 Avalanche Photodiode (APD)....................9
3.2 Transimpedance Amplifier (TIA)...............10
4 Thesis Organization............................11
Review of Transimpedance Amplifier...............13
1 Open-Loop TIA..................................13
1.1 A Single Resister............................14
1.2 Current Mirror...............................15
1.3 Common Gate..................................16
2 Closed-Loop TIA................................17
2.1 Regulated Cascode............................17
2.2 Common-Source with Shunt Feedback............18
2.3 Inverter-Based TIA...........................18
3 Feedback Theorems..............................19
3.1 Feedback Network Model.......................19
3.2 Location of Poles............................21
4 The Chosen of Topology.........................24
Analysis of Transimpedance Amplifier.............25
1 Input Stage....................................25
1.1 Common Source Input Stage....................25
1.2 Common Gate Input Stage......................28
2 Noise Analysis.................................32
2.1 Noise of Inverter-Based TIA..................35
2.2 Noise of Common-Gate TIA.....................39
3 Noise Cancellation.............................45
4 DC Bias Point Stabilization....................48
Proposed Transimpedance Amplifier................53
1 Proposed TIA...................................53
2 Design Procedure...............................56
3 Layout.........................................63
4 Post-Layout Simulation Result..................64
4.1 Frequency Response...........................64
4.2 Step Response................................66
4.3 Noise........................................67
4.4 Power........................................68
5 Discussion.....................................69
6 FoM and Comparisons............................72
7 PCB Design and Measurement.....................74
Future Work and Conclusions......................77
1 Oscillation Problem............................77
1.1 The Cause of Oscillation.....................77
1.2 The Possible Solutions.......................81
2 Conclusion.....................................83
Bibliography.......................................85
                                

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