卡社布農語構詞法研究｜國立清華大學博碩士論文庫

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研究生：	陳葚慈
論文名稱：	卡社布農語構詞法研究 Word Formation in Takibakha Bunun
指導教授：	葉美利
口試委員:
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：
論文出版年：	2009
畢業學年度：	97
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	96
中文關鍵詞：	Bunun 、Takibakha 、morphology 、word formation 、affixation 、numeral
外文關鍵詞：	布農語, 卡社, 構詞, 構詞法, 加綴, 數詞
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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本研究主要在探討卡社布農語中動詞，名詞和數詞的構成方式，並探討以下問題：(1)布農語的動詞，名詞和數詞可以透過何種方式形成? (2)詞綴的語義和功用為何? (3)詞綴和詞根(roots)間的關係為何?(4)焦點符號(focus markers)如何組成動詞和名詞。
結果發現布農語中動詞可經由詞彙前綴(lexical prefixes)，使役前綴(causative prefixes)和焦點符號來組成。名詞則可以由合成(compounding)，借字(borrowing )和衍生(derivation)的方式構成。而名詞的衍生的方式則包含重疊(CV-重疊和全部重疊)，以焦點符號當衍生詞綴(名物化)和加後綴(-az和ti-)。在數詞的部份，可以用詞綴，詞根，或詞素(qan 和 tu)來呈現「加」或「乘」的語意。
在詞綴和詞根(roots)的關係方面，在動詞的部份，有些詞綴只加在特定語義的詞根上。例如，前綴tal-(洗)只可以用身體部位的名詞當詞根，而清洗其它物品則要用動詞sinav。
而使役前綴(causative prefixes) pu-只可以加在名詞上，而其它的三個則可以附加在名詞和動詞上。但是pa-只加動態動詞(dynamic verbs)上，pi-只加在靜態動詞(stative verbs)，而pin-則可以附加在這兩種動詞。在名詞的部份，大部分由焦點符號構成的名詞都來自於動詞，但是也發現少數名詞是以名詞當詞根而構成。例如，處所焦點-an加在名詞上可以形成處所名詞。而在數詞的構成部份，有三組基數(cardinal numerals)可以用來當詞根。第一組用在「數詞11到19」，「100, 200, 300…,900」和「101到199」。第二組只用在屬人的數詞上。而指倍數關係的第三組則是用在「數詞10, 20, 30…,90」，「倍數詞」和「星期」上。
最後，經由以上的討論可以得知，焦點符號除了可以用在屈折變化(Inflection)上之外，在衍生變化(derivation)上也被廣為應用。在未來的研究方面，希望可以透過語法化的觀點來探討焦點符號的多重功用和語意上的發展。

The thesis attempts to examine the formation of verbs, nouns as well as numerals in Takibakha Bunun and addresses the following questions: (a) How does Takibakha Bunun form verbs, nouns and numerals? (b) What are the meanings/functions of the affixes? (c) What is relationship between affixes and roots? (d) How do focus markers function as affixes to form nouns or verbs?
The results demonstrate that verbs can be formed by lexical prefixes, causative prefixes or focus markers. Nouns can be formed through compounding, borrowing or derivation. Besides, the derivational strategies contain reduplication (CV-reduplication and full reduplication), focus markers as derivational affixes (argument nominalization) and suffixes (-az and ti-). As for the formation of numerals, affixes, roots and morphemes (qan and tu) can be used to indicate addition and multiplication.
As for the relationship between affixes and roots, some lexical prefixes in verb formation display a strong selectional restriction on the nouns the stems they attached to. For example, the prefix tal- only marks the nouns of body parts, and the verb sinav is used to present ‘washing other objects’. The causative prefix pu- can only be added to nouns, while the other three can choose both verbs and nouns as the stems to form causative verbs. The causative prefixes pa- co-occurs with dynamic verbs, pi- marks stative verbs, and pin- can attach both dynamic and stative verbs. In the noun formation, most nouns formed by focus markers are derived from verbs. However, we have found few nouns derived from nouns. For example, the LF marker -an can add to nouns to form locative nouns. In the numeral formation, Takibakha Bunun has three sets of cardinal numerals, and they can function as roots to form different types of numerals. The first set is used to form numerals from 11 to 19, numerals 100, 200, 300…, 900, numerals from 101 to 199 and ordinal numerals. The second set is used for counting human numerals only. The third set, indicating ‘multiplication’, is used to form numerals 10, 20, 30 …, 90, multiplicative numerals and days of the week.
Finally, as discussed above, focus markers display not only inflectional but also derivational function. In term of the theory of grammaticalization, the semantic development of focus markers can be further discussed in the future research.

Table of Contents    i
Abbreviation and Symbols    iv
List of Tables    v
List of Maps    vii
List of Figures    vii

Chapter 1: Introduction    1
1.1 Overview    1
1.2 Geographic distribution and Bunun dialects    2
1.2.1 Subgrouping    4
1.2.2 Criteria for dialectal distinction    6
1.2.3 Phonemic inventory    6
1.3 A sketch of Takibakha Bunun grammar    7
1.3.1 Word order    8
1.3.2 Case-marking system    10
1.3.3 Focus system    11
1.3.4 Personal Pronouns    15
1.3.5 The TAM system    17
1.3.5.1 Tense    17
1.3.5.2 Aspect    20
1.3.5.2.1 The inchoative aspect    20
1.3.5.2.2 Perfect aspect    21
1.3.5.2.3 Durative aspect    22
1.3.5.2.4 Progressive aspect    23
1.3.5.3 Mood    25
1.3.6 Literature Review    26
1.3.7 The organization of the thesis    28

Chapter 2: Formation of verbs    30
2.1 Introduction    30
    2.2. Lexical prefixes    31
        2.2.1 The prefix mu-    31
        2.2.2 The prefix mun-    32
        2.2.3 The prefix tal-    33
        2.2.4 The prefix malas-    35
        2.2.5 The prefix ku-    36
        2.2.6 The prefix pis-    37
        2.2.7 The prefix ka-    39
        2.2.8 The prefix si-    41
        2.2.9 The prefix kun-    42
        2.2.10 The prefix tun-    44
        2.2.11 The prefix tis-    46
        2.2.12 The prefix tin-    47
        2.2.13 The prefix min-    49
            2.2.13.1 The distinction between tin- and min-    50
        2.2.14 The function/meaning of lexical prefixes    51
    2.3 Focus markers    53
    2.4 Causative prefixes    54
        2.4.1 The causative prefix pa-    55
        2.4.2 The causative prefix pi-    57
        2.4.3 The causative prefix pu-    59
            2.4.3.1 The distinction between pu- and pi-    59
        2.4.4 The causative prefix pin-    60
        2.4.4.1 The function/meaning of causative prefixes    62
2.5 Summary    64

Chapter 3: Formation of nouns    65
3.1 Introduction    65
3.2 Compounding    65
3.3 Borrowing    66
3.4 Derivation    67
3.4.1 Nouns derived from verbs    68
        3.4.1.1 Argument nouns    68
            3.4.1.1.1 Agentive nouns    68
            3.4.1.1.2 Patient nouns    69
            3.4.1.1.3 Locative nouns    70
            3.4.1.1.4 Instrumental nouns    72
    3.4.2 Nouns derived from noun    73
    3.5 Summary    76

Chapter 4: Formation of numerals    78
4.1 Introduction    78
4.2 The three sets of cardinal numerals    78
4.3 The formation of numerals    79
4.3.1 The distinction between human and nonhuman numerals    79
4.3.2 Two-digit numerals    82
4.3.2.1 The numerals from 11 to 19    82
    4.3.2.2 The numerals 10, 20, 30 …, 90    83
4.3.3 Three-digit numerals    83
    4.3.3.1 The numerals 100, 200, 300…, 900    84
    4.3.3.2 The numerals from 101 to 199    84
4.3.4 Multiplicative numerals    85
4.3.5 Ordinal numerals    86
4.3.6 Days of the week    87
4.4 The distribution of the three sets of cardinal numerals    88
4.6 Summary    88

Chapter 5: Conclusion    91

                                

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