目的：本研究旨在比較老人與年輕人的靜態平衡，以及最快走路速度時的步態變異。方法：以女性健康老人與年輕人各53名為參與者，老人年齡介於65~75歲，年輕人年齡介於18~28歲，先站於測力板上開眼單足立15秒，利用公式轉換成擺動軌跡長度與擺動面積，作為靜態平衡的指標。後續配戴三軸加速規（X、Y與Z軸分別代表左右、上下與前後的加速度）監測10公尺最快走路速度的加速度，將所得資料轉換成步態變異。資料處理以獨立樣本t考驗，比較老人與年輕人靜態平衡及三軸步態變異的差異；並以皮爾遜積差相關法考驗靜態平衡與三軸步態變異的相關，所有統計水準定為 = .05。結果：（一）老人的擺動軌跡長度及擺動面積皆大於年輕人，並達顯著差異（9.58 ± 5.67 vs. 6.31 ± 2.57 cm；9.82 ± 7.28 vs. 3.69 ± 2.94 cm2，p<.05）。（二）老人三軸步態變異皆顯著大於年輕人（X軸：0.130 ± 0.036 vs. 0.086 ± 0.036；Y軸：0.108 ± 0.030 vs. 0.073 ± 0.023；Z軸：0.115 ± 0.041 vs. 0.070 ± 0.018，p<.05）。（三）靜態平衡與三軸步態變異的相關，均未達顯著（p<.05）。結論：證實老人站立時的平衡能力較年輕人差，最快走路時，不論在左右、上下及前後的步態變異都較年輕人大，推論可能是平衡能力退化所致。

Purpose: Compare the static balance between elderly and young adults, as well as gait variability in fastest speed walking. Methods: Recruited female participants aged between 65~75 years old and between 18~28 years old, and number of participants for each groups was fifty-three. Each participant was asked to complete one-leg standing with eyes open first on the force platform for fifteen seconds. Collected data were converted using the formula into the circumference and area of oscillation as indicators of static balance. Triaxial accelerometer was worn during fastest walking for 10m to record acceleration, and the data were then converted into gait variability. Independent t-test was adopted to compare the difference of static balance and gait variability in fastest speed walking between elderly and young adults. Pearson product-moment correlation was used to exam the relationship between static balance and gait variability in 3 axes respectively. Significant level was set at  = .05. Results: Both the circumference and area of oscillation in elderly were significantly greater than the younger group (9.58 ± 5.67 vs. 6.31 ± 2.57 cm; 9.82 ± 7.28 vs. 3.69 ± 2.94 cm2, p<.05). Similarly, the gait variability in 3 axes of elderly were all significantly greater than the younger group (X axis: 0.130 ± 0.036 vs. 0.086 ± 0.036; Y axis: 0.108 ± 0.030 vs. 0.073 ± 0.023; Z axis: 0.115 ± 0.041 vs. 0.070 ± 0.018, p<.05). The relationship between static balance and gait variability were not significance (p>.05). Conclusion: Study indicated that when in standing position, the ability of the elderly to maintain balance was worse than younger group. In addition, the walking gait variability of elderly was greater than young adults in every planes might be due to aging.

行政院內政部戶政司人口統計資料網（2013）。2013年人口年齡結構重要指標。上網日期：2014年03月05日，資料引用http://www.ris.gov.tw/version96/population_01.html。
行政院內政部社會司（2003）。老人福利法。臺北市：行政院內政部。
行政院經濟建設委員會（2012）。2012年至2060年臺灣人口推計。上網日期：2014年03月05日，資料引用http://www.ndc.gov.tw/。
行政院體育委員會（2011）。100年運動統計。臺北市：行政院體育委員會。
呂東武（2001）。步態分析技術發展現況與未來趨勢。生物醫學報導，5，22-25。
李麗晶、卓俊伶（2008）。身體活動和老人憂鬱症。中華體育季刊，22（2），60-69。
洪偉欽、沈竑毅（2007）。老化與平衡能力。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，6（2），119-129。
胡名霞、林慧芬（1995）。成年人站立平衡之研究－動態平衡測驗之年齡效應。中華民國物理治療學會雜誌，20（1），81-90。
秦毛漁、盧德發、吳美惠（2008）。社區老人跌倒相關因素之探討。護理雜誌，55（3），39-48。
陳怡如、黃滄海、林麗娟（2011）。老人的肌肉適能變化與彈力帶阻力訓練。大專體育，113，77-86。
黃盈達、李皓綸、成和正（2012）。運動對失智症的預防及對生理與心理的影響。嘉大體育健康休閒期刊，11（1），272-278。
Arif, M., Ohtaki, Y., Nagatomi, R., & Inooka, H. (2010). Analysis of the effect of fatigue on walking gait using acceleration sensor placed on the waist. International Journal of Engineering Intelligent Systems for Electrical Engineering and Communications, 18(2), 93-103.
Beauchet, O., Herrmann, F. R., Grandjean, R., Dubost, V., & Allali, G. (2008). Concurrent validity of SMTEC footswitches system for the measurement of temporal gait parameters. Gait & Posture, 27(1), 156-159.
Bensoussan, L., Viton, J. M., Barotsis, N., & Delarque, A. (2008). Evaluation of patients with gait abnormalities in physical and rehabilitation medicine settings. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 40(7), 497-507.
Buzzi, U. H., Stergiou, N., Kurz, M. J., Hageman, P. A., & Heidel, J. (2003). Nonlinear dynamics indicates aging affects variability during gait. Clinical Biomechanics, 18(5), 435-443.
Callisaya, M. L., Blizzard, L., Schmidt, M. D., McGinley, J. L., & Srikanth, V. K. (2010). Ageing and gait variability: A population-based study of older people. Age and Ageing, 39(2), 191-197.
Carmeli, E., Kessel, S., Coleman, R., & Ayalon, M. (2002). Effects of a treadmill walking program on muscle strength and balance in elderly people with down syndrome. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 57(2), 106-110.
Chen, K. M., Chen, M. H., Lin, M. H., Fan, J. T., Lin, H. S., & Li, C. H. (2010). Effects of yoga on sleep quality and depression in elders in assisted living facilities. Journal of Nursing Research, 18(1), 53-61.
Cho, B. L., Scarpace, D., & Alexander, N. B. (2004). Tests of stepping as indicators ofmobility, balance, and fall risk in balance-impaired older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 52, 1168-1173.
Cratty, B. J., & Hutton, R. S. (1969). Motor ability-testing. Experiments in movement behavior and motor learning. Philadelphia: Lea Febiger.
Daley, M. J., & Spinks, W. L. (2000). Exercise, mobility and aging. Sports Medicine, 29(1), 1-12.
Desmond, A. L. (2004). Vestibular function: Evaluation and treatment. NY: Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc.
Dingwell, J. B., & Marin, L. C. (2006). Kinematic variability and local dynamic stability of upper body motions when walking at different speeds. Journal of Biomechanics, 39(3), 444-452.
Fahn, S., Jankovic, J. (2007). Principles and practice of movement disorders. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone.
Fiser, W. M., Hays, N. P., Rogers, S. C., Kajkenova, O., Williams, A. E., Evans, C. M., et al. (2010). Energetics of walking in elderly people: Factors related to gait speed. The Jounal of Geronotology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 65(12), 1332-1337.
Fleg, J. L. (2012). Aerobic exercise in the elderly: A key to successful aging. Discovery Medicine, 13(70), 223-228.
Fleg, J. L., Morrell, C. H., Bos, A. G., Brant, L. J., Talbot, L. A., Wright, J. G, et al. (2005). Accelerated longitudinal decline of aerobic capacity in healthy older adults. Circulation, 112(5), 674-682.
Fried, L. P., Ferrucci, L., Darer, J., Williamson, J. D., & Anderson, G. (2004). Untangling the concepts of disability, frailty, and comorbidity: Implications for improved targeting and care. The Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59(3), 255-263.
Fried, L.P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., Newman, A. B., Hirsch, C., Gottdiener, J., et al. (2001). Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. The Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 56(3), 146-156.
Gine-Garriga, M., Guerra, M., Manini, T. M., Mar-Dell'Olmo, M., Pages, E., & Unnithan, V. B. (2010). Measuring balance, lower extremity strength and gait in the elderly: construct validation of an instrument. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 51(2), 199-204.
Graham, J. E., Snih, S. A., Berges, I. M., Ray, L. A., Markides, K. S., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2009). Frailty and 10-year mortality in community-living mexican american older adults. Gerontology, 55(6), 644-651.
Hanlon, M., & Anderson, R. (2009). Real-time gait event detection using wearable sensors. Gait & Posture, 30(4), 523-527.
Hasan, S. S., Robin, D. W., Szurkus, D. C., Ashmead, D. H., Peterson, S. W., & Shiavi, R. G. (1996). Simultaneous measurement of body center of pressure and center of gravity during upright stance. Part I: methods. Gait & Posture, 4, 1-10.
Hausdorff, J. M., Rios, D. A., & Edelberg, H. K. (2001). Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: A 1-year prospective study. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 82(8), 1050-1056.
Hicks, G. E., Shardell, M., Alley, D. E., Miller, R. R., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J., et al. (2012). Absolute strength and loss of strength as predictors of mobility decline in older adults: The InCHIANTI study. The Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences,67(1), 66-73.
Himann, J. E., Cunningham, D. A., Pechnitzer, P. A., & Paterson D. H. (1988). Age-related changes in speed of walking. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 2, 161-166.
Iknoian, T. (2005). Fitness walking. (2nd ed.). Auckland: Human Kinetics.
Jorstad, E. C., Hauer, K., Becker, C., Lamb, S. E., & ProFaNE Group. (2005). Measuring the psychological outcomes of falling: A systematic review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(3), 501-510.
Kang, H. G., & Dingwell, J. B. (2009). Dynamic stability of superior vs. inferior segments during walking in young and older adults. Gait & Posture, 30(2), 260-263.
Karlsson, A., & Frykberg, G. (2000). Correlations between force plate measures for assessment of balance. Clinical Biomechanics, 15, 365-369.
Kerrigan, D. C., Todd, M. K., & Croce, U. D. (1998). Gender differences in jointbiomechancis during walking normative study in young adults. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 77, 2-7.
Lam, F. M., Lau, R. W., Chung, R. C., & Pang, M. Y. (2012). The effect of whole body vibration on balance, mobility and falls in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas, 72(3), 206-213.
Lepers, R., Bigard, A. X., Diard, J. P., Gouteyron, J. F., & Guezennec, C. Y. (1997). Posture control after prolonged exercise. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 76(1), 55-61.
Lustosa, L. P., Silva, J. P., Coelho, F. M., Pereira, D. S., Parentoni, A. N., & Pereira, L. S. (2011). Impact of resistance exercise program on functional capacity and muscular strength of knee extensor in pre-frail community-dwelling older women: A randomized crossover trial. Revista Brasileira de Fisioterapia, 15(4), 318-324.
Maranhao-Filho, P. A., Maranhao, E. T., Lima, M. A., & Silva, M. M. (2011). Rethinking the neurological examination II: Dynamic balance assessment. Arquivos De Neuro-psiquiatria, 69(6), 959-963.
Mayer, F., Scharhag-Rosenberger, F., Carlsohn, A., Cassel, M., Muller, S., & Scharhag, J. (2011). The intensity and effects of strength training in the elderly. Deutsches Arzteblatt International, 108(21), 359-364.
Melzer, I., Benjuya, N., & Kaplanski, J. (2003). Effects of regular walking on postural stability in the elderly. Gerontology, 49(4), 240-245.
Mills, P. M., Barrett, R. S., & Morrison, S. (2007). Agreement between footswitch and ground reaction force techniques for identifying gait events: Inter-session repeatability and the effect of walking speed. Gait & Posture, 26(2), 323-326.
Murtagh, E. M., Murphy, M. H., & Boone-Heinonen, J. (2010). Walking–the first steps in cardiovascular disease prevention. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 25(5), 490.
National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. (2006). CDC injury fact book. Atlanta: Georgia.
Newman, A. B., Haggerty, C. L., Goodpaster, B., Harris, T., Kritchevsky, S., Nevitt, M., et al. (2003). Strength and muscle quality in a well-functioning cohort of older adults: The health, aging and body composition study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(3), 323-330.
Ng, S. S., Ng, P. C., Lee, C. Y., Ng, E. S., Tong, M. H., Fong, S. S., et al. (2013). Assessing the walking speed of older adults. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 92(9), 776-780.
Niino, N., Tsuzuku S., Ando, F., & Shimokata, H. (2000). Frequencies and circumstances of falls in the national institute for longevity sciences, longitudinal study of aging (nils-lsa). Journal of Epidemiology, 10(1 Suppl.), 90-94.
Peterson, M. D., & Gordon, P. M. (2011). Resistance exercise for the aging adult: Clinical implications and prescription guidelines. The American Journal of Medicine, 124(3), 194-198.
Piirtola, M., & Era, P. (2006). Force platform measurements as predictors of falls among older people - a review. Gerontology, 52, 1-16.
Quach, L., Galica, A. M., Jones, R. N., Procter-Gray, E., Manor, B., Hannan, M. T., et al. (2011). The non-linear relationship between gait speed and fall: The MOBILIZE boston study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(6), 1069-1073.
Reid, K. F., & Fielding, R. A. (2012). Skeletal muscle power: A critical determinant of physical functioning in older adults. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 40(1), 4-12.
Rejeski, W. J., Marsh, A. P., Chmelo, E., & Rejeski, J. J. (2010). Obesity, intentional weight loss and physical disability in older adults. Obesity Review, 11(9), 671-685.
Rochat, S., Cumming, R. G., Blyth, F., Creasey, H., Handelsman, D., Le Couteur, D. G., et al. (2010). Frailty and use of health and community services by community-dwelling older men: The concord health and ageing in men project. Age Ageing, 39(2), 228-233.
Sage, G. H. (1984). Motor learning and control: A neuropsychological approach. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies.
Shapiro, A., & Melzer, I. (2010). Balance perturbation system to improve balance compensatory responses during walking in old persons. Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation, 7(32), 1-6.
Spirduso, W. W. (1995). Physical dimensions of aging. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Spirduso, W. W., Francis, K. L., & MacRae, P. G. (2005). Physical dimensions of aging. (2nd ed). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Strath, S. J., Holleman, R. G., Ronis, D. L., Swartz, A. M., & Richardson, C. R. (2008). Objective physical activity accumulation in bouts and nonbouts and relation to markers of obesity in US adults. Preventing Chronic Disease, 5(4), 131.
Studenski, S., Perera, S., Patel, K., Rosano, C., Faulkner, K., Inzitari, M., et al. (2011). Gait speed and survival in older adults. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 305(1), 50-58.
Sundell, J. (2011). Resistance training is an effective tool against metabolic and frailty syndromes. Advances in Preventive Medicine. doi:10.4061/2011/984683.
van Iersel, M. B., Ribbers, H., Munneke, M., Borm, G. F., & Rikkert, M. G. O. (2007). The effect of cognitive dual tasks on balance during walking in physically fit elderly people. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88(2), 187-191.
Visser, M., Goodpaster, B. H., Kritchevsky, S. B., Newman, A. B., Nevitt, M., Rubin, S. M., et al. (2005). Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. The Journal of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 60(3), 324-333.
Wade, M. G., & Jones, G. (1997). The role of vision and spatial orientation in the maintenance of posture. Physical Therapy, 77(6), 619-628.
Whittle, W. (2007). Gait analysis: An introduction. Oxford: Elsevier.
Winter, D. A. (1991). Biomechanics and motor control of human gait: Normal, elderly and pathologica.l (2nd ed.). Ontaro, Canada: Waterloo Biomechanics.
Winter, D. A. (2009). Biomechanics and motor control of human movement. John Wiley & Sons.
Winter, D. A., MacKinnon, C. D., Ruder, G. K., & Wieman, C. (1992). An integrated EMG/biomechanical model of upper body balance and posture during human gait. Progress in Brain Research, 97, 359-367.
World Health Organization. Ageing, & Life Course Unit. (2008). WHO global report on falls prevention in older age. World Health Organization.