利用介電質平板式常壓電漿改質聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和乙烯-四氟化乙烯聚酯物以提升其表面生物相容性

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研究生：	廖妍婷 Liao, Yen Ting
論文名稱：	利用介電質平板式常壓電漿改質聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和乙烯-四氟化乙烯聚酯物以提升其表面生物相容性 Enhancing the Biocompatibility of PET and ETFE via Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharge Surface Modification
指導教授：	杜正恭 Duh, Jenq Gong
口試委員:	陳韻晶 Chen, Yun Ching 萬德輝 Wan, De Hui
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 材料科學工程學系 Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年：	2015
畢業學年度：	103
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	134
中文關鍵詞：	介電質式常壓電漿、表面改質、生物相容性
外文關鍵詞：	Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharge, Surface Modification, Biocompatibility
相關次數：	點閱：2 下載：0
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近年來，「材料改質技術」係材料科技發展重點之一，其中以生醫材料應用最為蓬勃發展。本研究開發常壓電漿表面改質技術，此技術具有非破壞性方式，可降低製造成本，減少製程毒性等優點。故利用不同常壓電漿製程參數進行人工心血管材料（聚對苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和乙烯-四氟化乙烯聚酯物）之表面機能化處理，並探討常壓電漿表面技術對小鼠纖維母細胞培養之影響。
常壓電漿技術, 使電漿內高能粒子與活性自由基撞擊高分子基材，與表面碳雜質反應生成H2O與CO2等氣體而從表面清除，或將自由基接於物質表面，促使基材表面分子結構斷鍵而形成活化反應。藉由表面新生成之官能基，提升生物材料所需表面特性，並進一步利用電漿接枝技術將特殊官能基之高分子單體接枝於生醫材料表面，如接枝聚乙二醇單體以達到抗沾黏的效果。亦即電漿改質會改變材料表面特性（表面能、表面官能基、表面粗糙度），進而探討改質基材與生物體（細胞）間之交互作用。
經由氬氣電漿處理，材料表面能提升及表面粗糙度增加，並有效地將氧原子導入材料表面，增加表面親水性，利於細胞貼附。再者，由氬氫混合氣添加氮氣與氧氣產生之電漿，易產生NH2和COOH官能基於材料表面，其中氮氣的添加將有效地導入氮原子於材料表面，進而形成胺基，利於細胞大量地貼附於材料表面。此外，透過電漿表面接枝聚乙二醇官能基於材料表面，因其表面太過親水，不利於細胞之貼附，可應於抗沾黏醫材之使用。本研究成功地開發新穎的常壓電漿技術，改質高分子醫療材料之物理與化學特性，並有效控制細胞貼附之情形，能符合不同醫療材料之特性應用。

The aim of this study is to enhance the cell attachment on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE) by applying atmospheric pressure dielectric electric discharge plasma surface modification. Plasma-modified PET and ETFE show the change in surface energy and also specific functional groups are found to be on the surface via using different working gas. Pure Ar plasma could effectively alter the chemical and physical properties, and especially Ar plasma-treated ETFE shows the large amount of oxygen containing groups on the surface.
On the other hand, the increment of C-C/C-H bonds on PET makes it more hydrophobic after Ar/H2 plasma treatment. The nitrogen functional groups are introduced on PET and ETFE via Ar/H2/N2 plasma modification. PET and ETFE modified by Ar/H2/O2 plasma would enhance the surface hydrophilicity due to the increased the surface roughness and the incorporation of oxygen functionalities. In addition to pure surface modification, a layer of poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (PEGMA) is applied onto PET and ETFE prior to Ar/H2/O2 plasma treatment. Surface characterization confirms that C-O bond is increased due to grafting of PEGMA induced by plasma.
Cell adhesion on plasma-treated PET and ETFE under different treating parameter is evaluated by cell culture of NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. Ar, Ar/H2/N2, and Ar/H2/O2 plasma-treated PET and ETFE surface improve the cell affinity. The increase of surface wettability, roughness, and amino functional groups would be beneficial to cell adhesion. The cell attachment significantly decreases after plasma PEGMA grafted modification. Therefore, the polymers with any structure can be modified by DBD plasma technique to control the cell response.

Contents
List of Tables    III
Figure Captions    IV
Abstract    VII
Chapter I Introduction    1
1.1 Background    1
1.2 Motivation and Goals of the Thesis    3
1.3 Thesis Overview    5
Chapter II Literature Review    7
2.1 Biomaterials    7
2.2 Surface Modification Methods    13
2.2.1. Wet Chemical Methods    14
2.2.2. Ozone Treatment    15
2.2.3. UV Treatment and Photografting    16
2.2.4. High-Energy Radiation.    17
2.2.5. Plasma Treatment    18
2.3 Review of Plasma Technology    19
2.3.1 Plasma Surface Interactions: General Introduction.    19
2.3.2 Plasma Classifications    26
2.3.3 Atmospheric pressure plasma    28
2.3.4 Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)    29
2.3.5 Atmospheric pressure plasma for biomedical application    30
Chapter III Experimental Procedure    47
3.1 Sample Preparation    47
3.2 Atmospheric Dielectric Barrier Discharges System    48
3.3 Instrumentation for Surface Property Characterization    49
3.3.1 Contact Angle Measurement for Surface Wettability Analysis    49
3.3.2 Surface Energy Calculation    50
3.3.3 ATR-FTIR for Surface Chemical Bonds Characterization    50
3.3.4 XPS for Surface Chemical Composition    51
3.4.5 SEM for Surface Morphology Observation    51
3.4.6 AFM for Surface Roughness Analysis    52
3.5 Biological Assessment    52
3.5.1 Cell Culture    52
3.5.2 Confocal Microscopy for Cell Attachment Observation    53
3.6 Test Conditions    54
Chapter IV Results and Discussion    60
4.1 Surface characterization of PET and ETFE    60
4.2 Biological test on PET and ETFE    78
Chapter V Conclusion    111
References    113


List of Tables
Table 2-1 Uses of Biomaterials    37
Table 2-2 Biomaterials in Organs and system    38
Table 2-3 Polymers and their biomedical applications    39
Table 4-1 The root mean square roughness (RMS) and absolute surface roughness (Ra) of PET before and after plasma treatment    83
Table 4-2 The changes in elemental composition of PET before and after plasma treatment    84
Table 4-3 The de-convolution of carbon and oxygen atomic concentrations of PET before and after plasma treatment    85
Table 4-4 Surface energy and its polar components and dispersive components of PET before and after plasma treatment    86
Table 4-5 The root mean square roughness (RMS) and absolute surface roughness (Ra) of ETFE before and after plasma treatment    87
Table 4-6 The changes in elemental composition of ETFE before and after plasma treatment    88
Table 4-7 The de-convolution of carbon and oxygen atomic concentrations of ETFE before and after plasma treatment    89
Table 4-8 Surface energy and its polar components and dispersive components of ETFE before and after plasma treatment    90

Figure Captions
Fig. 2-1 Common polymers used in biomedical application    40
Fig. 2-2 Plasma composition    41
Fig. 2-3 A schematic representation of plasma treatment    42
Fig. 2-4 A schematic representation of plasma post-irradiation grafting    43
Fig. 2-5 A schematic representation of plasma syn-irradiation    44
Fig. 2-6 A schematic representation of plasma polymerization    45
Fig. 2-7 Typical electrode arrangements of DBD configurations    46
Fig. 3-1 The flowchart of experimental procedure    56
Fig. 3-2 Chemical structure of polymers used in this study (a) PET, (b) ETFE, and (c) PEGMA    57
Fig. 3-3 A schematic diagram of atmospheric pressure dielectric barrier discharge    58
Fig. 3-4 The procedure of plasma induced grafting polymerization    59
Fig. 4-1 Surface morphology of PET before and after plasma treatment  (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    91
Fig. 4-2 Surface roughness of PET before and after plasma treatment (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    92
Fig. 4-3 Surface morphology of ETFE before and after plasma treatment (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    93
Fig. 4-4 Surface roughness of ETFE before and after plasma treatment (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    94
Fig. 4-5 ATR-FTIR analysis of untreated PET and plasma treated PET    95
Fig. 4-6 ATR-FTIR analysis of untreated PET and PEGMA grafted on PET    96
Fig. 4-7 C1s intensity of PET films before and after plasma treatment (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    97
Fig. 4-8 N1s intensity of pure and plasma treated PET films. (a) untreated  (b) Ar/H2/N2 plasma    98
Fig. 4-9 ATR-FTIR analysis of untreated ETFE and plasma treated ETFE    99
Fig. 4-10 ATR-FTIR analysis of untreated ETFE and PEGMA grafted on ETFE    100
Fig. 4-11 C1s intensity of ETFE films before and after plasma treatment (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    101
Fig. 4-12 N1s intensity of pure and plasma treated ETFE films. (a) untreated  (b) Ar/H2/N2 plasma    102
Fig. 4-13 Change of water contact angle on PET before and after plasma treatment over a period of time    103
Fig. 4-14 Surface energy analysis of PET before and after plasma treatment    104
Fig. 4-16 Surface energy analysis of ETFE before and after plasma treatment    106
Fig. 4-17 Confocal images of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with nuclei (blue) on the pure and plasma-treated PET film after 24 hrs of culture  (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    107
Fig. 4-18 The number of cell attachment on the pure and plasma-treated PET film after 24 hrs of culture    108
Fig. 4-19 Confocal images of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts with nuclei (blue) on the pure and plasma-treated ETFE film after 24 hrs of culture (a) untreated (b) Ar plasma (c) Ar/H2 plasma (d) Ar/H2/N2 plasma (e) Ar/H2/O2 plasma (f) plasma grafting PEGMA    109
Fig. 4-20 The number of cell attachment on the pure and plasma-modified ETFE after 24 hrs of culture    110

                                

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