I
摘要
質子交換膜燃料電池(Proton exchange membrane fuel cell)
運作時會在陰極生成水蒸汽，水蒸汽可能會冷凝在氣體擴散層(Gas
diffusion layer)、觸媒層(Catalyst layer)、和陰極流道(Cathode
flow channel)，而阻礙陰極氣體進入產生反應，降低電池的效率。
本研究利用水蒸汽和乾燥空氣來模擬PEMFC 陰極端迷你流道中雙相
流的傳輸現象，以期了解水蒸汽在擴散層與流道的機制。
研究分為兩個部分，第一部分使用相同蒸汽量通過四種不同氣體
擴散層(Toray paper 060、Carbon cloth(no treated)、HT2500、ELAT
V2.1)觀察蒸汽冷凝在擴散層與冷凝形成之液珠成長與背壓之關係。
結果顯示，氣體擴散層(GDL)其滲透率(permeability)越低，其冷凝
液珠所需移除的背壓也越高；而疏水性越高的氣體擴散層，冷凝液珠
小且接觸角大，疏水性低的氣體擴散層冷凝面積大且接觸角較小。
第二部分則加入迷你壓克力矩形流道，並控制蒸汽流量和空氣流
量比率，模擬PEMFC 陰極流道雙相流傳輸現象。本研究探討蒸汽對應
於PEMFC 在電流密度為3.52A/cm2、10.7A/cm2、17.6A/cm2及不同當量
的空氣流量下，流道內的雙相流與壓降。研究結果顯示，在這些操作
條件下，水仍絕大部分以蒸汽方式離開，而沒有觀察到擴散層因水滿
溢而有液珠長出的現象；反而流道間(rib)因壓克力較親水且空氣不
II
易進入，會使水從流道間的擴散層處滿溢進流道。若使用較疏水的
GDL，由流道間滿溢進的水較易隨空氣流動而排除，而較親水的GDL
其流道間滿溢入的水不易移除且可能會在流道上面形成一層液膜。

104
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109
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111
附錄A 氣體擴散層性質
TORAY PAPER SPECIFICATION SHEET
TP-060 TP-120
Properties Unit TP-060 TP-120
Thickness mm 0.19 0.37
bulk density g/cm3 0.45 0.45
porosity % 78 78
gas permeability mmaq/mm 27 33
(pressure difference under the air flow of 14cm/sec divided by thickness.)
electrical resistivity
through plane Ωcm 0.08 0.08
112
in plane 0.005 0.005
Thermal
conductivity
cal/cm ･ sec ･ °C (4x10-3) (4x10-3)
Flexural strength kgf/cm2 400 400
MPa 39.2 39.2
Flexural Modulus kgf/cm2 (1.0x105) (1.0x105)
MPa (9800) (9800)
Typical Properties for Standard Fabric Styles
CC
Construction Plain
Yarn Input 2/27
Count (W X F) 48 X 44
yarns/in
Areal Weight 3.4 oz/yd 2 6.5
Widths up to 33 in
Thickness 15 mils
Density 1.75 g/cc
Carbon Content 99%
Oxidation Rate (%
per hr)
1.0
at 932 F (500 C)
113
附錄B 注射式幫浦
驅動塊鬆緊旋
注射筒夾住
可裝載二個注射筒並結合廣闊速度範圍和支援各式各樣的注射筒尺
寸，可滿足實際上實驗運用的需要。
特色：
(1) 裝載一或兩個注射筒，每一個10 毫升 到140 毫升。
(2) 液晶顯示操作目錄。
(3) 手動自由調整驅動塊旋鈕鬆緊。
(4) 簡易的選單驅動設定。
(5) 穩定的連續注入工作流體。
(6) 可控制欲注入工作流體體積和自動關機功能。
(7) 四種流率單位的選擇。
(8) 幫浦在運轉時可以檢視或改變體積或流速設定值。
(9) 自我保護停機的功能。
(10) 過去的設定在會存儲在永久的記憶體中。
(11) 內建RS232C 介面，可連接電腦作控制。
114
(12) TTL interface for foot switch, timer, relay control, outputs for run
indicator, valve control (見下圖).
(13) Optional multi-step keypad programmable feature (見下圖).
規格說明
幫浦類型 注入
最多可裝載注射筒數目二個
注射筒尺寸 10 微升~140 豪升
注射筒載台尺寸 28×23×1414 公分
幫浦重量 4 公斤
線性出力 每分鐘18 公斤
每一微步前進 0.165 微米(1/16 step)
最大步比率 (1/2 Step) 1600/秒
最小步比率 1 step / 30 秒
準確率 ± < 1%
重現率 ± 0. 1%
可聽見警報 選購
115
幫浦運作流率對照表
注射筒 最小流率 最大流率
10 l 0.001 l/h 22.98 l/min
25 l 0.001 l/h 60.68 l/min
50 l 0.001 l/h 105.8 l/min
100 l 0.001 l/h 212.6 l/min
250 l 0.001 l/h 527.6 l/min
500 l 0.001 l/h 1.06 ml/min
1 ml 0.001 l/h 2.20 ml/min
3 ml 0.001 l/h 7.36 ml/min
5 ml 0.001 l/h 14.33 ml/min
10 ml 0.001 l/h 20.91 ml/min
20 ml 0.001 l/h 36.19 ml/min
30 ml 0.001 l/h 46.49 ml/min
60 ml 0.001 l/h 70.57 ml/min
140 ml 0.001 l/h 147 ml/min
117
附錄C 可變焦顯微放大系統
1. Zoom 70 主體
Model：29-65-15
Industrial Zoom 70 with Illuminator (同軸)
2. 迷你光學管 (Straight TV Tube)
Model：29-90-90
1X Mini TV Tube
3. 同軸光纖管光源 (250 W)
Model：FOI-250
TechniQuip Label-250 Watts Fiber Optic Illuminator
4. 2 倍輔助物鏡 (Auxiliary Lens)
Model：29-20-14
5. 一體成型載物平台加Z 軸微調器 (精度：0.01 mm)
Model：HD-Stand
尺寸：L×W＝19×27 (cm)
For Zoom 70 系統手動對焦
6. 精密X、Y 軸載物平台
Model：BC-XY
尺寸：110L×110W (mm)
118
移動量：25 mm
內含360°旋轉盤
Maker：
Item 1，2，4：Optem (U.S.A)
Item 3： TechniQuip (U.S.A)
Item 5，6： 國產
119
附錄D 可變焦顯微鏡放大倍率表
1/2” CCD CAMERA + 15” MONITOR (47.6 X)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.75 1.5 2.25 3 3.75 4.5 5.25
1/2X Tube 17.8 35.7 53.5 71.4 89.2 107.1 124.9
2/3X Tube 21.4 45.8 64.2 85.6 107.1 128.5 149.9
1X Tube 35.7 71.4 107.1 142.8 178.5 214.2 249.9
1.5X Tube 53.5 107.1 160.6 214.2 267.7 321.3 374.8
2X Tube 71.4 142.5 214.2 285.6 357 428.4 499.8
1/3” CCD CAMERA + 15” MONITOR (63.2 X)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0.75 1.5 2.25 3 3.75 4.5 5.25
1” 23.7 47.4 71.1 94.8 118.5 142.2 165.9
2/3X Tube 28.4 56.8 85.3 113.7 142.2 170.6 199
1X Tube 47.4 94.8 142.2 189.6 237 284.4 331.8
1.5X Tube 71.1 142.2 213.3 284.4 355.5 426.6 497.7
2X Tube 94.8 189.6 284.4 379.2 474 568.8 663.6
CCD Camera & Monitor 倍率轉換表
9” 12” 13” 14” 20” 27”
1” 14.3 19.1 20.6 22.12 31.8 42.9 1.58 每吋公倍數
2/3” 20.8 27.7 30 32.2 46.2 62.3 2.30 每吋公倍數
1/2” 28.6 38.1 41.3 44.38 63.5 85.7 3.17 每吋公倍數
1/3” 38.1 50.7 55 59 84.6 114.1 4.22 每吋公倍數
Zoom
倍率
TV Tube
Zoom 格數
Zoom
TV Tube 倍率
Monitor
Camera
倍率
Zoom 格數
120
附錄 E 氣體流量計 HM1171A
121
附錄 F 接觸角量測儀(FT
&#1048644;A
200)
The FTÅ200 is a flexible video system for measuring contact angle, surface and
interfacial tensions, wettability, and absorption. The time scale can vary from 1/60
second (60 images/second) to hours and can be varied nonlinearly to efficiently
follow absorptions. The system can capture both static and dynamic behavior of liquid
interactions. Analysis is based on the drop shape's size and shape, and data can be
plotted with built in graphing facilities or exported to standard database and
spreadsheet programs. Being a Windows program, it is easy to transfer data and
images to other applications and across networks.
The system functions as a transient analyzer, meaning it continually captures
images and can recall any number of past images after a trigger event. A variety of
dynamic events can furnish the trigger. One such trigger is real-time software
detection of the drop detaching from the dispense tip. The automatic syringe pump, a
timer, and user input, can also furnish triggers.
Completely automatic image analysis is available, but manual and partially
automatic modes are provided to accommodate difficult images Explicit graphics
show the operator where the automatic algorithms found the drop and specimen edges.
The analysis will function on true grayscale images which show sample detail, as
opposed to only silhouette style images.
122
Analysis functions:
The software can measure or calculate many quantities of interest from the drop
shape including:
1. Static or equilibrium contact angle
2. Capillary contact angle
3. Advancing contact angle
4. Receding contact angle
5. Pendant drop surface tension
6. Pendant drop interfacial tension
7. Drop volume interfacial tension
8. Sessile drop surface tension
9. Sessile drop spreading
10. Sessile drop adsorption
11. Surface energy from contact angles
12. Work of adhesion/adhesion tension
13. Critical micelle concentration
Zisman critical wetting tension